Main Abstracts

The Methodological Enlightenment of Early Western Marxism for Promoting Its Sinological Development

Liu Zhuohong 13

As two important forces after Marx， early western Marxism and China’s localized Marxism have similar characteristics， which have some comparability in theory generation and propulsion context. They don’t rigidly adhere to dogma， proceed from reality， and take Marxism as a method of understanding and a guide to action. They insist on Marx’s critical spirit， getting criticism insights from Marxist internal erroneous ideas. Early Western Marxism made useful conclusions from rethinking and discussing Marxist philosophy’s major theoretical and practical issues in accordance with prevailing international communist movement situation， left valuable intellectual heritage to current progress of China’s Marxism， and had vital reference significance.

Angular Momentum Effect： Demographic Structural Change in Northeastern Region

Li Ruojian 55

The low fertility rate， the shortage of young workers and the out-migration of population are plaguing northeastern China. The decline in fertility is accelerated artificially， causing extreme low fertility in the region. Moreover， the resource depletion expedites its structural transformation， inducing rapid out-flows of population. This paper proposes the term‘angular momentum’for describing the ongoing man-made acceleration of demographic structural change. The population in the northeastern region of China is a sample to analyze the phenomenon. Understanding its experience will shed lights on the future population policy making.

Behavioral Capacity and Factors Matching in the Forming of Large-scale Farmer： an Empirical Study Based on National Sample Survey Data

Zhu Wenjue and Luo Biliang 83

With a framework of behavior ability， factor matching and large-scale farmer， the paper explores the behavior logic from a farmer’s farmland renting to large-scale operation， and illustrates the formation mechanism of evolution from a peasant to a large-scale farmer. Following conclusions are made in the study. （1） The behaviors of farmland renting has a consistent process of farmers' behaviors with expanding the scale of planting. （2） There are significant differences between the behaviors of expanding the land scale and its management. The farming capacity is the predisposed factors for farmer to expand scale， while trade capacity is the decisive factors. （3）With the extending of land scale and the forming of agricultural scale management， it would lead to a corresponding structural transformation of production factors. The evolution trend is to alleviate the family labor constraints or outsource the services of agricultural machinery instead of hiring or purchase the machinery instead of outsourcing services，and increase rural credit to fit the scale management. （4） The agricultural land transfer market is not the only factor of land scale management and the generation of largescale farmers. They are also closely related to the development of relevant factor markets.

The Matching Elements in Agricultural-scale Management： a Study Based on Empirical Analysis of Peasant Household Questionnaire in Jiangxi and Guangdong

Chen Zhaojiu and Hu Wen 93

The development and transformation of agriculture is closely related to the factor allocation. Based on the comparative advantage theory and transaction cost theory， the research shows the following points. （1） Farmers operating scale of agricultural land and its service outsourcing exist an inverted-U relationship. （2） Land blocks and fragmentation inhibit farmers to hire labor and capital services. （3） Labor weakness and non-agricultural employment can promote farmers employee behavior. （4） With supervision and assessment of difficulty， the investment threshold promote alternative elements and matching behavior. Among them， employment quality supervision and assessment of the difficulty of inhibition employee management， incentive farmers service outsourcing； mechanical operation of the asset specificity to promote employment business， while the investment threshold promote employee management and service outsourcing. （5） Farmers market， good geography and infrastructure environment have helped to improve the outsourcing behavior. So， along with the expansion of agricultural land scale， it’s necessary to strengthen the development of agricultural production service market.

Scale Operation， Social Division and Stimulative Logic： a Study Based on Agricultural Cooperation

Xie Lin and Zhong Wenjing 101

In the development of agriculture and rural areas， agricultural operation institution innovation is an important issue. Based on comprehensive investigation on Chongzhou city of agricultural co-operation system，the paper draws the following conclusions.First， the scale operation of social service can replace the land. Secondly， the cooperative system of rural land stock， professional managers and service supermarket greatly reduce the transaction costs of social division， and driven by the self reproduction of division， agriculturalsocialization network comes into being.Thirdly， in the presence of transaction costs， transactional division is the base of division reproduction， thus to promote the deepening of division， we must support the step of transactional division. The division mechanism inspired by agricultural co-operation system provides a vivid example of division reproduction，and has theoretical significance and important practical value.

The Relevant Effect of Economic Period and Employment Waving in Macao

Cao Dahua 107

Macao， with the economic restructuring and rapid development of gaming entertainment industry， has respectively shown periodic characteristics of moderate growth and small fluctuation， low growth with moderate fluctuation， and high growth withserious fluctuation. The empirical research results based on correlation effect of economic cycle and employment fluctuation suggest that even though Macao’s economy is featured with high growth with large fluctuation in the last decades， the unemployment rate of local residents tends to go straight down and there is no significant fluctuation in the job market of local residents. Further study shows that during this period， migrant workers have become an important part of working population in Macao and its proportion is still rising. As the population of migrant workers and the tendency of economic cycle fluctuation is highly consistent， migrant workers act as the buffer for the job market of local residents， which contributes to a better understanding about how employment affects the economic fluctuation in Macao.

Nature and Culture in American English Vocabulary of 16-19 Centuries from Other Languages

Gao Xu and Mei Xueqin 120

From 16th century to 19th century loaded words from America came steadily into the English vocabulary system which mainly involve such a few categories as animals， plants， products， culture， society， terrain and climate. These words do not only reflect the natural world and cultural features in American history， but also promote the cultural exchange between Europe and America. So both language and culture，as well as many other things originally isolated in the Americas crossed there， and promoted the development of the English language. At the same time they helped people understand more new species and new things in the earth， and also inspire them to understand and discuss its nature and culture since the 16th century. Thus they strengthened the communication and exchange among various parts of the world， serving as a world cultural link.

Foreigners， Rifles and Local Ecology： a Review on Harry R. Caldwell's Hunting Experiences in Fujian during the Period of the Republic of China

Wu Lingjing 128

Harry R. Caldwell， an American missionary， came to China during the period of the Republic of China，became an expert of natural environment and social ecology in Fujian province through his preaching and hunting experiences. The examination of Caldwell’s hunting methods and experiences can demonstrate the interconnection and conflicted relationship among western hunters， Fujian locals and ecological environment in the times. In addition， his hunting activities were rife with cultural implications， and reflected the connectivity of three dimensions， i. e. the acquisition of natural knowledge， the dissimulation of folk knowledge and concepts，and the exchange of material cultures. Presenting his hunting experiences will provide a dialectical analysis of the roles and impacts of the foreigners on Chinese society and encourage us to reposit China’s role.

From Natural Stream to Artificial Dike： the Change of the Tsinghua River Scene

Liu Mengfei 136

Being a part of the Wanquan River which supports the three royal hills and five royal gardens， the Tsinghua River witnessed a turbulent history from the late Ming dynasty until today. Included as a garden river for Xichun Imperial Garden since 1707， the Tsinghua River changed from a natural stream to an artificial river imitating nature， and then became a natural stream with self-sustained micro-habitat， opening its interactive landscape to the entire flora and fauna in the bio-system from 1908. Yet this balance was shattered through the 1978 Wanquan River Maintenance Project， where the river altered from a once interactive， inclusive and self-sustained microhabitat to an idle，exclusive and artificial stage setting with heavy reliance of human interference. In addition to the historical change， it also explored the alteration of social and subjective identity behind the scene and how interactivity inside the landscape shaped the sense identified by students and alums.

A Typological Analysis with a Case Study on Current Chinese Socialist Practice in Literary Writing

Tao Dongfeng 149

The 20th century was a revolutionary one in China， which obtained a tremendous success to establish the socialist system with Chinese characteristics and the narrations of social practice and theory relevant to that. Both the research of humanities and social sciences and the literary and artistic creation must study or write the socialist practice with Chinese characteristics， deeply reflect and sum up the practice， so as to be able to devote their unique contributions to the world. Contrasted to the mightiness and magnificence of Chinese socialist revolution and construction， the achievement of current Chinese literature and criticism is outshone. The most important thing in the literary writing of Chinese socialist practice is to construct a literary-formed politics， so that not only their themes and view of the world have a political and ideological natures， but its formation and narrating methods may catch a trace of politics， power and ideology. The trace is something deep and innate at form and unconsciousness.