大气物理与人工影响天气

云物理与人工影响天气研究进展

1 科研项目进展

2016年，中国气象局人工影响天气中心承担的各项国家级项目取得重要进展，并申请获得一些新的研究项目，包括国家科技计划重点专项1项，自然科学基金项目3项，气科院基本科研业务费重点项目2项，中国气象局2016年度留学人员科技活动项目择优资助项目1项。承担的重要科研项目主要进展如下。

1.1 机载云粒子测量系统的研究和开发

国家重大科学仪器设备开发专项项目“机载云降水粒子谱仪与成像仪研制”完成了项目的研究任务，并通过了初步验收。项目已按期完成包括云粒子谱仪、云粒子成像仪、降水粒子成像仪样机和软件的研制任务，并进行了一系列仪器基础参数测试、系统优化、环境适应性试验及外场飞行试验。研制仪器已累计进行了60多架次的飞行试验，依据飞行试验结果，进行了反复的性能改进和优化。与国外同类产品的对比试验结果表明，项目研制产品在粒子测量数据方面与国外产品具有较好的一致性。在软件系统研制方面，完成了控制软件的集成开发。项目成果已在吉林、山西等省人工影响天气部门得到应用，取得了良好效果，在国家级重大项目科学试验、人工影响天气业务保障等方面发挥了重要作用。项目成果已初步具备工程化与产业化条件，主要仪器性能指标达到国际同类产品水平。（开放实验室）

1.2 青藏高原云降水物理与大气水循环研究

第3次青藏高原大气科学试验第3课题“青藏高原云降水物理与大气水循环”取得重要进展。2016年度，进一步对2014—2015年度夏季青藏高原科学试验取得的综合探测资料进行深入分析和研究，并开展了数值模拟和卫星反演研究。获取了青藏高原夏季云和降水变化的重要特征。结合飞机观测资料，分析了高原那曲地区上空云降水粒子的微物理特性；开展了青藏高原云底温度、边界层比湿反演校验，开展了模式云微物理过程的检验和验证，建立了基于伽马函数的云滴谱3参数方案。利用MODIS卫星云水气候资料研究了高原云中水分循环特征。（开放实验室）

1.3 其他项目研究进展

（1）行业专项“民机适航性验证自然结冰气象条件研究”，2016年3月在安徽开展飞机结冰气象探测试验，探测到飞机结冰。（区域中心管理办公室，作业指挥与运行中心）

（2）行业专项“南方大范围云系人工增雨作业潜力与作业技术研究”，进行了2015年外场试验资料的处理、微波辐射与探空探测的拟合程度分析，组织开展了FY-2卫星云微物理反演、短时强降水云物理过程分析等。（区域中心管理办公室）

（3）行业专项“人工增雨随机化外场试验和效果检验技术研究”，2016年在吉林、山东、福建、海南4省试验区继续开展了人工增雨随机化外场试验，4个试验区在2016年共获取了32个随机试验样本。（作业指挥与运行中心）

（4）行业专项“层状云人工增雨作业条件识别和效果分析技术”在云降水精细处理和分析技术、增雨条件和效果监测识别、云降水数值模拟和催化模拟等方面进行了进一步的研究；探索基于多尺度人工增雨概念模型建立的思路和技术方法，建立了华北层状云系作业条件监测识别指标和低涡气旋云系增雨条件模式识别指标；开展了基于扩散传输计算的不同条件下人工增雨作业影响区确定及催化效果物理响应的分析研究，建立了多参量区域动态作业效果物理检验计算方法（K值法），开展了不同条件作业数值模拟试验；发展了云降水精细分析系统（CPAS）核心技术，基于该技术，国家级和河北、河南及山西等试点省建立了先进的人工影响天气（以下简称“人影”）综合分析和指挥平台，同时利用该课题研究成果成功指挥多次飞机增雨作业，取得了作业实效。（作业指挥与运行中心）

（5）基金项目“基于功效分析的非随机化人工增雨作业效果检验最优实用统计方案研究”在前期研究的4种统计检验方案中，针对功效较高的区域历史回归统计检验方案进行了深入研究，研究成果于2016年7月开始在全国人影业务部门推广应用。（作业指挥与运行中心）

（6）多项室内试验课题取得了阶段性研究成果。“北京地区人工消减雾霾试验研究”在消雾霾催化剂和暖云催化剂研究方面取得了阶段性成果。对4种配方燃烧型催化剂、10余种吸湿性稀土物质、2种吸水性高分子粉末、8种粉末表面活性剂和2种液态表面活性剂进行了室内试验研究，对比和筛选高效新型催化剂。同时在吉林敦化进行爆炸型人影弹配方的改进试验。开展了暖云膨胀云室的建设。（开放实验室，装备研发与保障室）

2 科研成果及其推广应用

2.1 人影飞机作业和探测科学试验

东北人影工程建设的2架集成高性能云物理探测和作业飞机，积极参与东北区域和中部、西南、西北等区域飞机增雨作业服务，并且按照中国气象局部署参与了飞机自然结冰探测试验、东北冷涡飞机外场探测试验等科学试验以及G20杭州峰会人工消减雨作业试验等气象服务保障工作。试运行阶段，国家增雨飞机充分发挥了高性能、先进性和跨区域作业的优势，既实现了东北区域人影工程建设目标要求，试运行中探索的运行管理模式也为后续其他区域工程项目建设提供了很好的经验。（区域中心管理办公室）

2.2 人影综合业务系统推广应用

东北人影工程建设的1套区域、省、市、县4级的人影综合业务系统，完整实现了人影5段实时业务功能并建立了区域、省、市县到作业站点的上下协同的业务流程，为构建“横向到边、纵向到底”的人影业务体系提供平台支撑。在完成试点应用后，在东北区域内4个省级、40个市级和15个县级及相关作业点部署业务系统，开展业务试运行。东北区域、4省（区）人员会同国家级团队共同编写《东北区域人影综合业务系统部署工作方案》。以辽宁为第1个全省大范围部署和使用试点，顺利完成全省安装、部署、联调联试。随后依次开展吉林、内蒙古、黑龙江的全省安装部署和联试。同时，该系统部分核心业务功能在宁夏、山西、陕西、河北、江苏等省进行了推广应用。（作业指挥与运行中心）

2.3 人影作业装备弹药物联网管理系统推广应用

编制完成《人工影响天气作业信息格式规范（试行）》和《人工影响天气作业装备与弹药标识编码技术规范（试行）》，并通过减灾司下发全国各人影业务单位执行。

组织建设“人影作业装备弹药物联网管理系统”，开发人影作业装备弹药出厂验收及质量管理系统、人影作业装备弹药信息管理系统、飞机与地面作业信息实时采集监控系统；在贵州、陕西、河南、北京分别建立不同技术模式的省级应用示范，实现人影作业装备与弹药的全程、规范、自动、实时监控与管理。联合上海物资管理处和国家气象信息中心，完成国家级与示范省级联调联试，对基层指挥作业人员进行操作培训，项目完成后将优选出可用于全国各省市推广的技术模式与系统，提高人影作业安全管理的科技水平和业务现代化程度。（装备研发与保障室，区域中心管理办公室）

2.4 业务技术指南编制及其在省级推广应用

梳理空中云水资源评估和作业效果检验的关键技术方法和思路，编写《云水资源评估技术指南（2016版）》和《人工增雨作业效果检验技术指南（2016版）》，通过专家咨询和评审，已于7月推广至省级人影部门试用。

指导省级人影部门开展效果检验和云水资源评估的本地化释用和关键技术优化。湖北、海南等省根据《云水资源评估技术指南》中的技术方法初步对本省云水资源进行评估释用。编写《云水资源评估物理量输出格式及规范（2016版）》。在河北邢台组织空-地联合云水资源综合观测试验，利用飞机、地基云雷达、激光雷达等探测手段，对云降水长时序加密观测，获取云结构精细监测数据，用于云场诊断等关键技术检验。（作业指挥与运行中心）

2.5 精细化数值模式作业条件预报系统

编写完成人工影响天气模式预报宏观云场检验方案，分别形成国家级和省级检验方案，《人工影响天气模式系统云和降水预报产品省级检验方案(2016版)》，指导各地开展检验工作，形成了人工影响天气保障服务典型个例检验集。

优化CAMS方案，开展了模式人影预报产品的开发。开发了云底高度、云底温度预报产品，利用云雷达、激光雷达、云高仪等观测数据进行产品检验。对WRF_CAMS模式的预报系统进行调试、检验、验收准备；在此基础上形成的云降水显式预报系统（CPEFS_v1.0）已业务化运行。

开展 LAPS-WRF-CAMS同化预报系统应用多个例检验，开展了人影催化模式多个例催化模拟试验。（作业指挥与运行中心）

3 综合外场观测试验

3.1 科学观测外场试验

在安徽池州、安庆地区与商飞集团、上海气象局、安徽气象局合作开展飞机自然结冰探测试验，收集了大量试验数据和资料。自然结冰探测试验开创了国家增雨飞机为国家重大项目建设提供气象保障的先河。

针对黄淮气旋过程云系和降水特征，编制《东北国家级效果检验区东北冷涡云系空-地联合飞机探测与作业科学试验设计方案》和《东北国家级效果检验区东北冷涡云系空-地联合飞机探测与作业科学试验实施方案》，针对黄淮气旋中小尺度垂直结构以及中尺度结构启动了飞机外场观测试验。9月，在南方开展针对积云、层积云的催化及探测试验，作业中采用了冷暖云催化方法。持续开展庐山云雾宏微观特征外场观测研究，5—6月开展了春夏季庐山云雾观测。（人影中心）

3.2 科学试验观测资料分析

针对外场试验，收集和整理了包括飞机、卫星、雷达、探空和地面降水、温压场等综合探测资料，并初步建立了数据库管理系统（飞机综合外场试验数据库管理系统v1.0）。对庐山云雾站的数据库进行了完善，将观测资料进行了整理，并编制数据格式说明。分气溶胶和云探测2个小组对现有飞机观测资料进行整理分析，以及对G20保障的飞机资料进行分析。（作业指挥与运行中心，开放实验室）

4 人工影响天气业务进展

4.1 实施3年行动计划，推进人影业务现代化建设

人影中心成立了实施人影现代化3年行动计划领导小组，编制了《人影现代化行动计划关键任务推进方案》，明确4项关键技术任务和2项技术系统任务，组建由国家级牵头、省级参加的技术团队，组织召开了7次由不同省区市参加的技术交流会，指导各省开展人影关键技术工作，有效促进了全国各地人影工作任务的推进和作业实效的提高。多项3年行动计划工作成果已在全国推广应用。

组织召开第2届全国人工影响天气中心主任会，进一步提高了对人影业务现代化的认识，交流了人影业务现代化的工作经验，展示了人影装备弹药全程监控系统和综合业务系统的阶段成果。

组织开展全国3年行动计划实施情况的中期评估工作。协助全国人影科技咨评委组建评估专家组，对全国各省的自评估报告分别开展实地和书面评估调研，经评估专家组审议，形成最终评审结论。

开展基于卫星、探空和地面观测的云底高度算法研究，并与地基云高仪和激光雷达、云雷达等云底实测资料对比检验，提出并优化云底高度算法，研发云底高度反演产品。升级了基于卫星等综合观测的云特性反演产品，正在中试检验中。

组织北京、河北、内蒙古、辽宁、陕西、贵州、重庆等11个省区市召开“人影作业概念模型和指标体系”交流会，邀请中央气象台首席预报员对各省已有的概念模型及指标体系进行点评，督促各省进行梳理总结。提出了人影作业概念模型和指标体系的分析方法，建立了低槽冷锋类层状云增雨概念模型的建立方法研究。

开展雷达在人影中的应用现状调研，通过典型省调研和全国现状分析，初步编写完成《雷达在人影中应用现状评估及需求分析》报告。（作业指挥与运行中心）

4.2 重大气象服务保障

2016年9月，G20杭州峰会人影保障服务期间，人影中心指导浙江省局编制《人工消减雨作业试验实施方案》；组建由北京、山西、安徽省（市）人影办专家，以及北京大学、中国科学院大气物理研究所、南京大学、南京信息工程大学等院所知名教授或研究员组成的技术支持专家团队，共同把脉指导作业方案设计，配合浙江省气象局圆满完成保障任务。在杭州安装调试云降水精细分析CPAS平台，在北京制作3 km分辨率的云场精细预报作业条件预报、监测预警、方案设计等专报；调派2架国家级增雨机，多次组织实施双机立体作业的演练与实战；开展基于卫星、雷达和雨量等观测资料的多参数动态对比物理检验。G20服务保障让人影中心首次从幕后走到台前，梳理建立了重大活动保障的工作模式，首次实现了人影实时技术流程，是对人影现代化建设成果的一次集中检验。（人影中心）

4.3 国家级人影业务指导和服务工作

面向全国每日发布7类卫星云特征参量监测反演产品和4大类20小类模式预报产品，实时收集全国飞机和地面作业信息。每周制作《未来一周人影作业需求分析》和《全国人影作业信息报》（48期）；每月制作《全国人影作业信息上报质量报》（11期）；收集各省人工影响天气相关业务动态、科技进展、重大服务信息等，每季度编制完成《全国人工影响天气工作动态》（4期）。

针对中部、东北区域增雨作业，甘肃迭部林火，内蒙古草原火灾等服务任务，制作《作业过程预报和飞行计划》6期，组织专题会商近10次，制作发布《人影作业条件潜力预报和飞行预案》专报16期；开展作业条件监测预警，发布预警报10期。

规范人影飞机作业信息编码内容和格式，升级北斗监控系统，完善CPAS指挥平台，实现作业飞机实时监控和跟踪指挥，选取试点省开展业务适用。

开展全国飞机作业方案设计现状调研，初步制定飞机作业方案设计规范。收集全国飞机作业信息，针对重点过程开展合理性分析，制作完成《重大活动人工影响天气效果分析报》模板。编制完成“飞机作业过程分析要点”及2个示例，供各省人影业务单位参考使用。

开展全国人影机载通信和信息传输现状调研，并在调研基础上完善基于北斗监控系统的飞机实时监控和信息传输系统，实现北斗作业飞机地面端跟踪指挥，作业状态的实时显示，目前正在开展省级的试点工作。

在CPAS-WMC V1.0业务平台上，实现了云降水显式预报系统（CPEFS-v1.0）预报产品的显示和综合分析功能，新增组合反射率、云底高度（温度）、雷达回波、温度和高度垂直结构综合图。

与黑龙江、吉林、辽宁、内蒙古4省区人影办制定发布了《东北区域国家高性能增雨飞机试运行管理暂行规定》；人影中心制定发布了《国家高性能增雨飞机飞行作业流程》《指挥岗观测岗和作业岗职责》《新舟60增雨机任务系统操作卡》《飞机增雨和探测飞行基本业务规范》《MA60人工增雨系统操作手册》。通过对这些管理办法和仪器设备操作规程的不断修订完善，逐步提高了国家增雨飞机管理工作的规范化、标准化水平。

分别在北京和陕西阎良举办了云物理探测设备培训班（1期、2期）和机载任务系统培训班。来自中国气象局人影中心、东北区域4省区人影办（中心）和北京、江西、河南、四川、甘肃人影办（中心）的近90人参加了培训。使业务人员全面了解高性能作业飞机任务的组成、功能性能，掌握探测设备的基本结构和工作原理、操作使用，提升系统管理、故障诊断和排除、日常维护、数据质量控制、相关软件使用和管理的能力。

以国家增雨飞机为平台，积极调动科技人员开展内部协作交流，并加强与北京、河南、山西、安徽等省级间业务技术协作和交流，积极吸纳各类人影业务科研人员参与飞机作业探测任务和飞机探测资料应用分析工作，实现对人才培养和科研成果孵化的双丰收。

试运行期间除了多次组织机载任务系统验查与软件改进测试工作外，还结合飞机停靠地省级增雨抗旱需求，抓住有利降水过程，积极开展国家增雨飞机和河南、山西、陕西、安徽和东北区域4省区地方飞机在内的多机联合作业以及空地一体化探测试验，尤其是在G20峰会重大气象服务保障中，利用机载任务系统优势，发挥国家增雨飞机的建设效益，同时积累典型增雨作业和探测个例。

截至12月10日，2架新舟60增雨飞机累计飞行101架次，共计270 h。其中，增雨飞机B-3726累计飞行47架次共122 h，增雨飞机B-3435累计飞行54架次共148 h，2架增雨飞机共经停15个省/市。（作业指挥与运行中心, 区域中心管理办公室）

4.4 人影装备安全管理和技术审查

编制完成了《人工影响天气专用技术装备使用许可技术审查办法》。提出增雨防雹高炮和火箭技术性能要求、测试方案。组织编写的行业标准项目“增雨防雹高炮系统技术要求”和“增雨防雹火箭技术要求”已通过人影标委会组织的终审。与上海物管处一起完成《37 mm人工增雨防雹炮弹质量考核试验办法》上报稿；完成《人工影响天气增雨防雹火箭弹考核试验办法》评审。

组织完成了对华云公司“HY-R型增雨防雹燃气炮”技术性能指标的评审工作及“JD-15 型37 mm人工增雨防雹炮弹业务试用总结”和“BL-3型66 mm、BL-4型82 mm人工增雨防雹火箭弹业务试用总结”的评审。（装备研发与保障室）

5 人工影响天气工程建设

5.1 新舟60增雨飞机功能验查及系统验收

在2015年验查的基础上，又分别在陕西阎良、河南洛阳和吉林长春，对机载任务系统的催化剂播撒系统、粒子测量系统、云宏观成像系统、卫星通信系统、任务集成系统5个子系统进行了3次地面和空中的测试与验查。组织专家对卫星通信系统和任务集成系统的软件功能进行了联合测试，引导承建商对系统测试验查过程中发现的问题进行了及时整改。完成了对新舟60增雨飞机的整体功能测试，具备了系统验收的基本条件，正在加快推进系统验收工作。（区域中心管理办公室，装备研发与保障室）

5.2 空中国王增雨飞机改装

完成了空中国王增雨飞机的飞机平台建设，经过2 h试验飞行及试飞项目查验后，飞机平台正式移交给空中国王增雨飞机改装厂（SPEC公司）进行飞机的改装与集成。

审改确定了《高性能增雨飞机改装集成方案》提交SPEC公司进行飞机改装集成。就飞机座椅、飞机采样头安装、CCN进气口、激光雷达安装、气路、集成方案、云宏观摄像位置、焰条焰弹尺寸等设计问题，与SPEC公司多次讨论协商。SPEC公司正在进行机载设备挂载点的改装工作。预计2017年底改装完毕运抵中国。（装备研发与保障室）

5.3 其他区域人影工程

组织完成西北区域人工影响天气项目可研报告的编制及报发改委的前期工作。西北区域人影工程项目得到发改委的批复。组织完成中部区域人影项目可研的编制。组织完成西藏人影基础能力建设可研报告的编制和专家评审。（区域中心管理办公室）

Advances in Cloud Physics and Weather Modi fication Research

1 Progress in major research projects

In 2016, WMC has made important progresses in research projects. In addition, WMC has successfully applied seven new projects including one key project of national scientific and technological program, three projects of national natural science foundation of China, two key projects of CAMS basic scientific research,and one project for the scientific activities of selected returned overseas professionals in CMA in 2016. The main progresses in research projects of WMC are summarized as follows:

1.1 Research and development of airborne cloud particle measuring system

The research and development project of airborne cloud particle spectrometer and imaging supported by the national key foundation for exploring scientific instrumenthave passed its preliminary acceptance.The project has completed its all research tasks including three probes oficloud particle spectrometer, cloud and precipitation particles imaging as well as the relevant software. A series of experiments including basic parameters of the instruments, system optimization, environmental adaptability and flight tests have been carried out. The airborne measuring system has been improved and optimized according to more than 60 flight tests. The test results show that particle measurement data observed by the instruments are in good consistency with that obtained by foreign products.

The instrument has been successfully used in the Shanxi Weather Modification Office and Jilin Weather Modification Office. Also, it played an important role in national major scientific experiments and operational assurance of weather modification. This instrument can preliminarily be engineered and industrialized, and the major performance indices have achieved the same level of similar foreign products. (Open Laboratory)

1.2 Advances in research of cloud and precipitation processes and atmospheric water cycle over the Tibetan Plateau

Important advances have been made in the research oficloud and precipitation processes and atmospheric water cycle in the project of the Third Tibetan Plateau Atmospheric Scientific Experiment. In 2016, we further investigated the cloud and precipitation processes over the plateau based on the comprehensive experiment data during the summer of 2014–2015, and conducted modeling and satellite retrieval studies. We obtained some important characteristics of cloud and precipitation processes over the plateau. Combing with aircraft measurement over the plateau, we also investigated the cloud microphysical properties in this region. Also,the verification of satellite retrieval of cloud-base temperature and boundary-layer specific humidity has been done. A new cloud spectrum scheme with three parameters based on Gamma Function has been built, and a comparison of the model results with those from the bin model has also been conducted. The water cycle in clouds has been studied based on MODIS cloud water data. (Open Laboratory)

1.3 Research progress in other projects

(1) In March 2016, aircraft icing meteorological experiments were carried out in Anhui Province, aiming to detect aircraft icing. The work was supported by the project of airworthiness verification of civil aircraft under natural icing meteorological condition. (Regional Centre Administration Office, Operation Commanding and Running Centre)

(2) The project of potential and technology of cloud seeding in large-area cloud system of southern China conducted the data processing of field experiment in 2015, and made analysis of the f tting of the microwave radiation and sounding probe, as well as the analyses of cloud microphysical retrieval by the FY-2 satellite and short-term strong precipitation. (Regional Centre Administration Office)

(3) The research project of randomized cloud-seeding field experiment and effectiveness evaluation conducted experiment in Jilin, Shandong, Fujian, Hainan provinces in 2016. The 32 samples of randomized experiments have been collected. (Operation Commanding and Running Centre)

(4) The project of precipitation enhancement and effectiveness evaluation of stratiform clouds conducted further research on the fine processing and analysis of cloud precipitation, rainfall enhancement conditions,recognition of effective monitoring, cloud precipitation numerical simulation and seeding simulation. The multi-scale precipitation enhancement conceptual model and indicators for the cloud seeding condition monitoring of northern stratiform cloud and low vortex cyclone cloud have been established. (Operation Commanding and Running Centre)

(5) The NSFC project of research on the optimal and practical method of non-randomized artificial precipitation further conducted research on the regional historical regression statistical method with better effectiveness. The results have been applied to all the weather modification centers in China since July 1, 2016,which was issued by the Disaster Reduction Division, CMA. (Operation Commanding and Running Centre)

(6) Haze and warm cloud disposal tests have been conducted in cloud laboratory experiment. 4 kinds of formula burning over 10 kinds of rare earth material with good moisture absorption, 2 kinds of water-absorbent polymer powder, 8 kinds of powder surfactant and 2 kinds of liquid surfactants have been tested. (Open Laboratory, Equipment R & D and Support Division)

2 Research achievements and applications

2.1 Two national weather modi fication aircrafts have conducted many cloud seeding operations and scienti fic experiments

Two M60 aircrafts integrated with high performance cloud physical detection equipment constructed by northeast weather modification center have actively conducted many cloud seeding services in northeast,central, southwest, and northwest China. The two aircrafts are in the stage of test, these flights and activities have tested all airborne systems and provided important experiences for management and subsequent projects in other areas. (Regional Centre Administration Office)

2.2 Application promotion of weather modi fication integrated service system

Weather modification integrated service system consisting of four levels covering from region, province,city and county, developed by northeast WMC, has implemented the real-time operation function, set up the collaborative operation process, and built an overall supporting platform.

After the pilot application, a document was issued by Disaster Reduction Division, CMA on July 20,2016, stating that the system would be deployed and in trial run in the 4 provincial cities, 40 municipal cities and 15 counties, and aslo in business trial run. Deployment Plan on Weather Modification Integrated Service System in Northeast Region has been written by the employees from CMA and provincial bureaus.

Liaoning Meteorological Bureau was the first to deploy and use the system from November 2 to November 19, 2016, which was followed by Jilin, Inner Mongolia, Heilongjiang provinces. Other provinces including Ningxia, Shaan xi, Shanxi, Hebei, Jiangsu have installed the core operation function modules from December 8 to December 27. (Operation Commanding and Running Centre)

2.3 Application promotion of internet-based ammunition management system of weather modi fication equipment

The Specification of Weather Modification Data Format (Trial Version) and the Specification of Weather Modification Equipment and Ammunition Identification Encoding (Trial Version) have been completed and issued to all WMC.

The Internet-based Ammunition Management System of Weather Modification Equipment, development of the management system of factory acceptance and quality acceptance for weather modification equipment and ammunition, development of the information management system of the weather modification equipment and ammunition and development of the real-time data acquisition monitoring system for aircraft and ground operation’s data information have been constructed.

We have demonstrated the application at the provincial level with different technical patterns established in Guizhou, Shaan xi, Henan and Beijing in order to achieve the real-time monitoring and management of the whole process of the weather modification operation equipment and ammunition. United tests of the systems were completed by the national and provincial bureaus with the help of Shanghai bureaus of the equipment and the National Meteorological Information Center. The training to the operation staffs was given. The best technical pattern was selected after the test, which will be promoted to the whole country, aiming to improve the level of the management and modernization. (Equipment R & D and Support Division, Regional Centre Administration Office)

2.4 Completion and promotion of two operation technical guidelines

After combing the key technology method of the cloud and water resource assessment and operation effect tests, documents of Cloud and Water Resource Assessment Technology Guide (2016 Version), and Cloud Seeding Operations Effect Test Technology Guide (2016 Version), which were passed by the review,were issued by the Disaster Reduction Division, CMA and promoted to provincial bureaus for trial application.(Operation Commanding and Running Centre)

2.5 Re fined numerical weather forecasting system in operation

Documents for the National Weather Modification Model Forecasting Macro-cloud Field Inspection Method and Provincial Weather Modification Model Forecasting Macro-cloud Field Inspection Method have been completed.

Document of Inspection Method for Cloud and Precipitation Forecast Products was issued on July 1 2016,serving as a guidebook to collect the typical sample test set.

The weather modification products by optimizing the CAMS program and the product test system by using the cloud radar, laser radar, and ceilometer data have been developed. Debugging, testing and acceptance for the WRF_CAMS model forecasting system have been completed. CPEFS_v1.0 system (Explicit Cloud Precipitation Forecast System) was in operation. Experiments of multi-catalytic mode on LAPS-WRF-CAMS assimilation and forecast system were carried out. (Operation Commanding and Running Centre)

3 Field scienti fic experiments

3.1 Field scienti fic experiments

Collection of experimental data by carrying out the aircraft icing detection tests with the co-work oficommercial aircraft group, Shanghai Meteorological Bureau, Anhui Meteorological Bureau in Chizhou and Anqing, Anhui Province, in March, has been offering the lead role in support for natural icing detection test formajor national construction projects of its kind.

Documents of Design Scheme on Surface-Ground Joint Plane Detection and Operation Scientific Experiments in Northeast National Inspection Area and Implementation Plan on Surface-Ground Joint Plane Detection and Operation Scientific Experiments in Northeast National Inspection Area were made from April to July, which were used for the aircraft outfield observation test based on Huanghuai cyclone small-scale vertical structure and medium-scale structure.

In September, catalytic and observational experiment for cumulus and stratocumulus was carried out, via glaciogenic seeding and warm cloud seeding. Field study of macroscopic and microscopic features of cloud and fog in Lushan was conducted in May and June, 2016. (Weather Modification Centre)

3.2 Analysis for observational data of scienti fic experiments

Database management system (Aircraft Integrated Field Experiment Database Management System v1.0)has been developed. Comprehensive data including aircraft detection, satellites, radar, sounding and surface precipitation, temperature and pressure have been collected. To improve the database of Lushan cloud and fog station, sorting the observed data, and making the data format instructions have been provided.

Analyses on current historical observational data by plane were done by two teams, namely aerosol and cloud detection teams, respectively. Data collected during the G20 Summit were also analyzed. (Operation Commanding and Running Centre, Open Laboratory)

4 Weather modi fication operation and service

4.1 Three-year plan for weather modi fication modernization

We have implemented a three-year plan for weather modification modernization development and set up a member group of Weather Modification Modernization Construction Three-year Plan.

We have completed a document of Weather Modification Modernization Construction Key Task Advanced Programme and made clear 4 key technology tasks and 2 technology system tasks, built a team led by CMA and co-worked with provincial participants. We also instructed the provincial WMC to carry out the key technology work in weather modification, effectively promoted the provincial weather modification work, and applied the results of the Weather Modification Modernization Construction Three-year Plan in the country.

In late October, the Second National Weather Center Director Conference was held, aiming to further enhance the awareness of the weather modification modernization work, and exchange the working experience.The conference also showed progresse in the areas. CMA administrators visited the demo show, making compliment on the IOT applications and excellent design of meteorological information system, which founded the stone for the “Wisdom Weather Modification”.

Medium-term assessment of the Three-year Action Plan was done. Results were approved and issued by the Disaster Reduction Division, CMA.Ground and written research were done across the country, with final completion. (Operation Commanding and Running Centre)

4.2 Important weather modi fication operation services

Implementation plan of artificial rain suppression operation was made during G20 Hangzhou Summit in September, 2016. The scheme was made under the co-work from experts from Beijing, Shanxi, Anhui Province WMC and Peking University, and Institute of Atmospheric Physics, CAS, Nanjing University, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, guaranteeing Zhejiang Meteorological Bureau to offer great service for G20 Summit.

The CPAS platform was installed in Hangzhou, the 3 km Fine Forecast of Cloud Field Job Conditions Prediction was issued with monitoring, and program design in Beijing; Two national precipitation aircrafts were deployed for the experiments. Physical inspection of the observation data based on satellite, radar and rainfall was performed; The service for G20 Summit fulf lled the weather modification real-time operation for the first time, which would serve as a milestone. (Weather Modification Centre)

4.3 Operational guidance and service

We have distributed 7 kinds of monitoring inversion products based on satellite cloud parameters and 4 kinds of major categories with 20 sub-category model forecast products on a daily basis; collected realtime national air and ground operation data; made Weekly Weather Modification Requirements Analysis and Weekly National Weather Modification Information Newsletter (48 in total); made Monthly National Weather Modification Information Newspaper (11 in total); made National Weather Modification News each quarter(4 in total); provided cloud seeding for central and northeast regional areas and for the events of Diebu forest fire in Gansu Province and Inner Mongolia grassland fires and other service. We also made Operation Forecast and Flight Plan Report (6 in total), organized 10 video conferences, released Weather Modification Potential Prediction and Flight Plan Reports (16 in total), and issued Early Warning Reports (10 in total).

We also standardized aircraft job data formats, upgraded the Beidou monitoring system, improved the CPAS command platform, achieved real-time monitoring and tracking oficommand of the operating aircraft,and selected pilot province for trials. We also investigated the National Aircraft Operational Program Design;collected and analyzed national aircraft information; produced the template for Analysis Report on the Effect of Major Weather; completed “Aircraft Operations Analysis” and 2 examples, which was issued on November 16.

We studied the national weather modification airborne communication and information transfer and improved the real-time monitoring and information transmission systems based on Beidou to achieve groundside track oficommand, and real-time job status monitor, which was applied to the provincial pilot projects.

In the Precipitation Forecasting System (CPEFS-v1.0), we implemented the function of displaying forecast products and comprehensive analysis, with more modules such as new composite reflectivity and cloud base height (temperature), radar, integrated graphs of temperature and vertical structure.

National airborne cloud seeding trial operation has achieved important progresses. We have made several regulations of aircraft operation management and strengthened the training to improve the operational management level.

Two cloud physical detection equipment training courses and one airborne mission system training course were held in Beijing and Yanliang. We organized training course (phase 1 and phase 2) and airborne mission systems training courses with over 90 participants in Shaanxi. These helped employees to fully understand the composition of operating aircraft with high performance tasks, functional performance, master the basic structure and working principle of detection equipment and operations, and promote system management, fault diagnosis and maintenance, preventative maintenance, data quality control, software usage and management ability.

Based on the airborne cloud seeding aircraft, technological personnel exchanges were held among Beijing, Henan, Shanxi, Anhui and other provincial bureaus. We attracted all weather modification researchers to actively join the aircraft operation missions and aircraft data analysis to achieve the progress in personnel training and scientific research harvest.

We have carried out cloud seeding services and detection experiments with joint efforts in safety and efficiency. According to the guidelines and instructions from CMA, WMC has successfully finished theairborne cloud seeding system check and software improvement, especially in the effort to co-work with other provinces including Henan, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Anhui and northeastern part of China. We also done such efforts during the G20 Hangzhou Summit.

By December 10, 2016, a number of flights carried out by two M60 precipitation enhancement aircrafts were up to 101, 270 hours in total. For B-3726, flight number was 47 and the total time was 122 hours; for B-3435, the f ght number was 54, while the total time was 148 hours, both of which covered 15 provinces/cities. (Operation Commanding and Running Centre, Regional Centre Administration Office)

4.4 Weather modi fication equipment safety management and technical review

We have finished the report of Weather Modification Special Equipment Licensing Technology Review issued to the WMC and the related factories on June 28. A final review on the industry standard projects−Precipitation Enhancement and Hail Prevention Anti-aircraft Technology Requirement and Precipitation Enhancement and Hail Prevention Rocket Technology Requirement was done. 37 mm Precipitation Enhancement Hail Prevention Shell Quality Assessment Test Method, which was co-worked with Shanghai Property Management Department, has been submitted. Weather Modification Precipitation Enhancement Hail Prevention Shell Quality Assessment Test Method has been completed.

Technical review work on weather modification equipment was done. “HY-R Precipitation Enhancement Hail Prevention Gas Gun Technical Performance Indicators” and “JD-15 Type 37 mm Precipitation Enhancement Hail Prevention Gas Gun Trial Summary” and “BL-3 66 mm, BL-4 82 mm of Precipitation Enhancement Anti Hail Rockets Operation Trial Summary” have been reviewed and all were reported to the Disaster Reduction Division, CMA. National Technology Equipment Maintenance and Catalyst Testing operation was also done. (Regional Centre Administration Office, Equipment R & D and Support Division)

5 Weather modi fication projects

5.1 M60 aircraft function check and system acceptance

We have promoted M60 aircraft function check and system acceptance work. Three ground and surface test and check for 5 systems including catalyst distributing system, particle measuring system, macroscopic cloud imaging system, satellite communication system and integrated system were done, respectively, in Luoyang (Henan), Yan Liang (Shaanxi) and Changchun (Jilin). Joint test for software functions of satellite communication system and integration system, serving as a guide for the contractors was completed. M60 aircraft overall functional test has been done, which would provide for the progress of the system acceptance.(Regional Centre Administration Office, Equipment R & D and Support Division)

5.2 Cloud-seeding King Air Aircraft platform construction

Cloud-seeding King Air Aircraft platform construction has been completed by late May. After 2 hours test flight and trial flight check, the airplane has been handed over to the Standards Performance Evaluation Corporation (SPEC) for further modification and integration.

Cloud Seeding Airborne Plane with High Performance Modification and Integration Scheme was set before handing over to SPEC. Discussions regarding to aircraft seats, plane sampling head installation, CCN inlet, laser radar installation, gas path and integration solutions, cloud macro camera position, flame size design were held between WMC, CMA and SPEC. Modification work by SPEC in progress is predicted to be shipped back to China by the end of 2017. (Equipment R & D and Support Division)

5.3 Other regional weather modi fication projects

Northwest Regional Weather Modification Feasibility Study report has been made and submitted to National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC), which was sent to the Disaster Reduction Division,CMA on April 15, 2016. The project was approved by NDRC. Central Weather Modification Feasibility Study Report has been made and submitted to NDRC, which was sent to Disaster Reduction Division, CMA on September 26. Tibetan Weather Modification Foundation Ability Construction Feasibility Study Report has been made and reviewed by experts. (Regional Centre Administration Office)