追本溯源，剖析虚拟语气四大考点

2015-12-03黄连英

求学·理科版 2015年11期

黄连英

虚拟语气是普通高中《英语课程标准（实验）》在语法项目表中新增加的要求考生必须掌握的语法项目。在2015年的高考试题中，有八套试卷涉及虚拟语气的考查。由此可见，虚拟语气在高考中占据着重要地位。

分析2015年的高考试题，课本仍是高考知识的基本依托，很多高考题或源于课本或高于课本。因此，在理解的基础上熟记课本重要语句，是打通高考解题思路的必要途径。笔者在此把人教版必修Book1—Book 5和选修Book 6—Book 8中一些虚拟语气的句子罗列出来，以方便考生理解识记。

It seemed as if the world was at an end！（Book Ⅰ， Unit 4）

But dont you think it would be better if you were a bit thinner？（Book III，Unit 2）

What do you think would happen if tomorrow there was suddenly no rice to eat？（Book IV，Unit 2）

It was a dilemma because the footballer could have demanded changes if we were wrong. （Book V，Unit 4）

If the rules of respective had been discovered， no one would have been able to paint such realistic pictures. （Book VI， Unit 1）

If I had a chance to say one thing to healthy children， it would be like this： having a disability doesnt mean your life isnt satisfying. （Book VII， Unit 1）

Could it be solved if corrections were made in their research procedure？（Book VIII， Unit 2）

分析近两年英语高考试题可知，虚拟语气的考查主要体现在语篇运用中，这与《考试大纲》对虚拟语气的考查要求相符，具体体现在以下四大考查热点：

【典型考例】

1.（2015北京卷）If I________ it with my own eyes， I wouldnt have believed it.

A. didnt see B. werent seeing

C. wouldnt see D. hadnt seen

2.（2014北京卷）We _______back in the hotel now if you didnt lose the map.

A. are B. were C. will be D. would be

【点拨】1.D 2. D 这两个考题都是对条件状语从句中的虚拟语气进行考查。第1题，根据后半句I wouldnt have believed it可以判断，这是对过去的虚拟，因此从句中谓语用had done。第2题，根据从句中谓语动词用过去式可知，此处表示与现在事实相反的虚拟，因此主句用would be。

【考点归纳】条件状语从句中的虚拟语气是虚拟语气最基本的用法，也是高考涉及最多的考法。虚拟语气在虚拟条件从句中的用法分为三类——对现在时间的虚拟，对过去时间的虚拟，对将来时间的虚拟。下面以表格的形式列出虚拟语气在这三类条件状语从句中的谓语动词的形式：

条件状语从句从句的谓语形式主句的谓语形式

表现在情况 were/did should/would/could/might +do

表过去情况 had done should/would/could/might + have done

表将来情况 did/were

should + do

were to do should/would/could/might + do

【重点警示】

1.有时候条件和结果不是指同一个时间，这种虚拟语气形式被称为错综虚拟语气。多数情况下，从句和主句都有相关的时间状语，这也是解题的关键所在。主从句的谓语形式一般是根据各自所表示的时间加以调整。例如：

If he had spent more time practising speaking English before，he would be able to speak it much better now.

2.如果条件句中含有were ，had 或 should，可将if省略，把were ， had 或 should提到主语前面。例如：

If I were you， I would not tell him that. =Were I you， I would not tell him that.

【典型考例】

3.（2015安徽卷）It is lucky we booked a room， or we______ nowhere to stay now.

A. had B. had had C. would have D. would have had

4.（2014浙江卷） They were abroad during the months when we were carrying out the investigation， or they _____ to our help.

A. would have come B. could come

C. have come D. had come

【点拨】3.C 4. A 第3题，or引导含蓄虚拟条件句，根据now可知，这是对现在进行虚拟，因此用would +动词原形。第4题，根据谓语动词were可知，事情发生在过去，or后面的句子是对过去的虚拟，所以应用would have done。

【考点归纳】虚拟条件句中的条件从句有时不表达出来，而是隐含在上下文中，这种句子叫含蓄性条件句。常用的有三种情况：

1.用but for +名词（如果没有）、without +名词（要不是）表虚拟条件，例如：

Without his war time experiences， Hemingway wouldnt have written his famous novel A Farewell to Arms.

2.用副词otherwise/or表虚拟条件，例如：

I was very busy yesterday， otherwise I would have helped you.

3.用连词but连接的句子表隐含的虚拟条件，例如：

I would have attended the meeting last week， but I was very tired.

【典型考例】

5.（2014重庆卷）It was John who broke the window. Why are you talking to me as if I _______ it？

A. had done B. have done C. did D. am doing

【点拨】A 句意：John打坏了窗户，为什么你跟我谈话好像是我打坏了窗户似的？题中broke表明“打坏窗户”这一动作发生在过去，as if / though后面的从句用had done表示对过去的虚拟。

【考点归纳】as if/though引导的状语从句中，如果表示对过去的虚拟，从句谓语用had done；如果表示对现在的虚拟，从句的谓语用did/were；如果表示对将来的虚拟，从句的谓语用would do。

【重点警示】as if/though引导的状语从句中，如说话者认为所属的是事实或极可能发生的事实时，则用陈述语气。例如：

It looks as if its going to rain.看起来像要下雨了。

【典型考例】

6.（2015天津卷）I wish I____ at my sisters wedding last Tuesday， but I was on a business trip in New York then.

A. will be B. would be C. have been D. had been

【点拨】D 本题考查wish引导的宾语从句，表示与过去事实相反的愿望，从句用had +过去分词。根据句意可知选D。

【考点归纳】wish 后的宾语从句要用虚拟语气，表示不能实现的愿望。表示现在不能实现的愿望，从句谓语动词用were/did；表示将来不能实现的愿望，从句谓语动词用could/would + do；表示过去不能实现的愿望，从句谓语动词用had + done。

天津爆炸事故已经成为历史教训，本期以时文阅读的形式了解天津爆炸事件中的救援经过。

Seventeen people were killed last night when a huge explosion hit an industrial area of China， injuring at least 300. The blast is believed to have come from a shipment of explosives inside a warehouse at about 11：30 pm local time yesterday （5：30 pm in Britain） in the north-eastern city of Tianjin.

Videos of the explosion showed flames lighting up the night sky， raising dust dozens of feet into the air， and residents in nearby districts said the blast had broken windows. Tianjin resident Zhang Siyu， who lives several miles from the blast site， said： “I thought it was an earthquake， so I rushed downstairs without my shoes on. Only once I was outside did I realize it was an explosion. There was the huge fireball in the sky with thick clouds. Everybody could see it.”

Post on Chinese social network Weibo showed a fireball shooting into the air and at least two separate explosions， while photos showed people in the street apparently covered in blood. Other images showed children being carried in blankets to safety.

It was claimed that the two explosions happened within 30 seconds of each other and about 100 fire trucks were sent to the scene， with most of the injuries caused by broken glass and stones. The firm running the warehouse was named by local media as Ruihai Logistics. The company says on its website that it was established in 2011. It says it handles one million tons of cargo annually.

The National Earthquake Bureau reported two major blasts before midnight local time-the first with an equivalent of 3 tons of TNT， and the second with the equivalent of 21 tons. Six thousand of firefighters brought the ensuing fire under control， although it was still burning. It was reported that the firefighters were combing the neighbourhood for possible the injured.

1. The underlined word “blast” in the first paragraph may mean _____.

A. injury B. destroy C. explosion D. safety

2. When did the fire broke out by the Beijing time？（）

A. 11：30 pm. B.11：33 pm.

C. 5：30 pm D. 5：33 pm.

3. What did Zhang Siyu do first when hearing during explosion？（）

A. He recorded videos of flames.

B. He post what he saw online.

C. He sent for the firefighters.

D. He ran downstairs quickly.

【答案】1. C 2. A 3. D

【生词】