李川

定语从句、状语从句与名词性从句是高考考查的重要语法项目。在高考备考中，注意把握好定语从句的基本特征，把握好关系词的具体用法，努力夯实基础，科学高效备考。

一、考点剖析

定语从句包括限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句两种。目前在语法填空这一题型中，有关定语从句的考点在空白处之后没有提示词，需要考生根据所掌握的知识对题干进行分析判断，确定题干考查的是否属于定语从句，然后再对应该填写的关系词进一步推敲。

（一）考查关系代词

1.对关系代词which的考查

【典例1】Mr. Fox said he hoped his invention， is set to be installed in other villages in the area over the coming months， will mark a return to convenience shopping for rural communities.（2014年上海卷）

解析：which。在题干中，invention为定语从句的先行词，空白处在从句中做主语，故应用which做为非限制性定语从句的引导词。

【典例2】Of course whenever they turned to look at him， they had to look at Mary， made her feel like a star.（2012年广东卷）

解析：分析题干可知，Mary之后是非限制性定语从句，先行词是空前的一句话内容，故应用关系代词which做为定语从句的引导词。

【知识延伸】which做关系代词时，既可引导限制性定语从句，也可引导非限制性定语从句，在从句中做主语或宾语，指物或指代一句话的内容。

2.对关系代词who的考查

【典例1】Nicks guests， had heard their conversation， asked why they should not buy salt more cheaply if they could.（2013年广东卷）

解析：在题干中，Nicks guests是指人的先行词，两个逗号之间的部分是其非限制性定语从句，且先行词在从句中做主语，故应填关系代词who。

【典例2】Happiness and success often come to those are good at recognizing their own strengths.（2013年湖南卷）

解析：先行词为those，用于指代人；空白处在从句中做主语，故应填关系代词who引导定语从句。

【知识延伸】who为关系代词时，两种定语从句均可引导，先行词指人，且在从句中做主语或宾语（做宾语时前无介词）。关系词常用who的情况：先行词为明确指人的anyone，one，ones，those等词时；在分隔式定语从句中，先行词指人，为了避免歧义时；当先行词为人称代词时。

3.对关系代词whom的考查

【典例1】The children， all of had played the whole day long， were worn out. （2013年浙江卷）

解析：在题干中，两个逗号之间的部分是非限制性定语从句，先行词children指人，且关系词在从句中做介词of的宾语，故应填关系代词whom。

【典例2】Behind him were other people to he was trying to talk， but after some minutes they walked away and sat near me， looking annoyed.

解析：在题干中，other people为定语从句的先行词，关系词在从句中做介词to的宾语，故应填关系代词whom

【知识延伸】whom为关系代词时，两种定语从句均可引导，先行词指人，且在从句中做宾语。

4.对关系代词that的考查

【典例1】Please send us all the information you have about the candidate for the position.（2014年陕西卷）

解析：先行词为all the information，后面的部分是其定语从句，且先行词在从句中做have的宾语，而先行词前有all修饰时，应填关系代词that。

【典例2】Hes the only student in the class has been selected to take part in the Model United Nations conference.

解析：在题干中，关系词在从句中做主语，且先行词student之前有the only修饰，故应填that。

【知识延伸】that为关系词时，先行词可指人，也可指物，只能用于引导限制性定语从句，而且不能位于介词之后。关系词应用that的情况：先行词是all，everything，anything等不定代词时；先行词被the only，the very，the right等修饰时；先行词既有人又有物时；先行词是序数词或被序数词所修饰时；先行词是最高级或被最高级修饰时。

5.对关系代词as的考查

【典例1】 is often the case with children， Amy was better by the time the doctor arrived.（2013年陕西卷）endprint

[JP+1]

解析：先行词为逗号之后的一句话内容，且关系词在从句中做主语，而定语从句位于句首时，只能使用as做为引导词，故As符合题意。[JP]

【典例2】 we have stressed many times， “serve the people” is our first policy.

解析：逗号前是位于句首的非限制性定语从句，在关系词之中只有as有这一用法，故空白处填As。

[JP2]

【知识延伸】as为关系词时，先行词可指人或物，也可指一句话的内容，引导限制性定语从句时，常用于the same … as和such … as结构中，引导非限制性定语时，可位于句首、句中或句尾，常有“正如，正像”之意，常用结构为：as anybody can see；as we know；as we had expected；as is well known；as has been said before；as often happens；as is reported；as is often the case；as is mentioned above；as has been pointed out等。[JP]

6.对关系代词whose的考查

【典例1】A company profits from home markets are declining may seek opportunities abroad.（2014年山东卷）

解析：A company为定语从句的先行词，关系词在从句中做名词profits的定语，故填whose。

【典例2】The book tells stories of the earthquake through the eyes of those lives were affected.（2013年福建卷）

解析：先行词为those，且空白处在从句中做名词lives的定语，故填whose。

【知识延伸】whose在引导定语从句时，可指人或物，只在从句中做定语。当先行词指物时，有时可转换成of which形式，先行词指人时，可转换成of whom 形式。

（二）考查关系副词

1.对关系副词where的考查

【典例1】The next day， my brother and I went to the beach we watched some people play volleyball.（2014年广东卷）

解析：先行词为空前的beach，且关系词在从句中做地点状语，故填where。

【典例2】So I decided to leave home for New York， I might have a better chance to find a good job.（2014年上海卷）

[JP3]

解析：在题干中，地点名词New York为先行词，关系词在从句中做地点状语，故填where。[JP]

【知识延伸】where为关系副词时，先行词指地点，且关系词在从句中做地点状语。先行词是activity，situation，point，case，stage，scene等抽象名词，且关系词在从句中做状语时，应用关系副词where做为引导词。

2.对关系副词when的考查

【典例1】I didnt become a serious climber until the fifth grade， I went up to rescue a kite that was stuck in the branches of a tree.（2014年浙江卷）

解析：空前的the fifth grade为先行词，逗号后是非限制性定语从句，且先行词在从句中做时间状语，故填when。

【典例2】I am looking forward to the daymy daughter can read this book and know my feelings for her.（2014年湖南卷）

解析：先行词day指时间，且在从句中做时间状语，故填when。

【知识延伸】句中的先行词为age，time，day，morning，night，week，year 等表示时间的名词，且关系词在从句中做时间状语时，应用关系副词when引导。

3.对关系副词why的考查

【典例1】Many people hold the view that light punishment is the primary reason drunk driving has been increasing in the past few years.

解析：先行词the primary reason为表示原因的名词，且关系词在从句中做原因状语，故填why。

【典例2】The reason more and more young people dream of becoming a famous singer or musician is that they can become millionaires overnight.

解析：reason为先行词，且关系词在从句中做原因状语，故应填why。

【知识延伸】why为关系副词时，先行词指的是原因（往往是reason），且关系词在从句中做原因状语。

二、备考建议

在备考时需要灵活掌握好六个关系代词和三个关系副词的基本用法。在判断应用哪一个关系词来引导定语从句时，应该先找准定语从句的先行词，确定先行词指人、指物，还是一句话内容。需要注意的是离关系词最近的词不一定就是先行词，因为可能存在分隔式定语从句。其次要确定关系词在从句中所充当的句子成分。需要注意的是，先行词往往决定不了关系词的使用，关键是应确定关系词在从句中所起的具体作用。在复习知识的同时，还要强化训练，不断培养和提高应用能力。endprint

三、强化训练

（一）单句语法填空

1. I borrow the book[WTBX] Sherlock Holmes[WTBZ] from the library last week， my classmates recommended to me.

2. Until now， we have raised 50，000 pounds for the poor children， is quite unexpected.

3. Students should involve themselves in community activities they can gain experience for growth.

4. Well reach the target in a month we set at the beginning of the year.

5. The book has helped me greatly in my daily communication， especially at work a good impression is a must.

6. English is a language shared by several diverse cultures， each of uses it differently.

7. Many countries are now setting up national parks animals and plants can be protected.

8. He wrote a letter he explained what had happened in the accident.

9. Maybe you leave a habit is driving your family crazy.

10. People should not do things will disturb their neighbors unnecessarily.

11. He filled his leather container so that he could bring some back to an elder had been his teacher.

12. Jane paused in front of a counter some attractive ties were on display.

13. The exact year Angela and her family spent together in China was 2013.

14. Among the many dangers sailors have to face， probably the greatest of all is fog.

15. Youll find taxis waiting at the bus station you can hire to reach your host family.

16. Have you sent thankyou notes to the relatives from you received gifts？

17. An ecosystem consists of the living and nonliving things in an area interact with one another.

18. The president of the World Bank says he has a passion for China， he remembers starting as early as his childhood.

19. Finally he reached a lonely island was completely cut off from the outside world.

20. There is no simple answer， is often the case in science.

21. Nowadays people are more concerned about the environment they live.

22. We have launched another manmade satellite， is announced in todays newspaper.

23. When I arrived， Bryan took me to see the house I would be staying.

24. The museum will open in the spring with an exhibition and a viewing platform visitors can watch the big glasshouses being built.

25. John invited about 40 people to his wedding， most of are family members.

26. Mo Yan was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 2012， made one of the Chinese peoples longheld dreams come true.endprint

27. By 16：30， was almost closing time， nearly all the paintings had been sold.

28.A lot of language learning， has been discovered， is happening in the first year of life， so parents should talk much to their children during that period.

29. Care of the soul is a gradual process in even the small details of life should be considered.

30. After the flooding， people were suffering in that area， urgently needed clean water， medicine and shelter to survive.

（二）语法填空综合训练

A

Nowadays， it is common that more and more high school students open their own microblogs on the Internet. For one thing， it can provide a colorful platform to show their talent. For 1， it is a useful way to release their pressure. And all these make it more and more popular with high school students， 2 many parents and teachers hold a different view. They think that managing ones microblog will take a lot of time and energy， 3 should be used to study.

In my view，I am greatly in favor 4 this activity. Today the Internet is playing 5 important and essential role in our life. Therefore as high school students of the Information Age， we need to learn to make use of this 6 （value） tool to communicate and display ourselves. Whats more， opening and organizing microblogs need various abilities such

7 writing， designing， being skillful at computer and so on. Only if we master those abilities can we make a successful microblog. As a result， we improve ourselves while 8 （organize） our microblogs.

In fact， microblog9 （oneself） is of little harm. It is your attitude towards it10 matters. We should take the advantages and avoid some bad effects.

B

Babara： You look 11 （tire）. Whats the matter with you？

Bob： Nothing serious. I want to have a job after graduation. I am under great pressure.

Babara：Do you find that 12 is difficult to find a suitable job this year？

Bob：Yes. Now college graduates 13 （encourage） to start their own business， 14sounds really good for us. In the meanwhile， we may know more about ourselves and society.

Babara：Yes， but it is not as easy 15 you imagine. For college students there are a lot of problems， especially the one of not having enough money. And our education doesnt provide enough knowledge on how to solve it.

Bob：Maybe you are right. But our government allows college graduates to borrow money from banks 16 maybe some can get money from their parents.endprint

Babara：But you have to pay back the money sooner or 17. So some college graduates prefer to live a 18 （peace） life rather than start their own businesses through jobhunting which is competitive.

Bob：Oh， they dont have dreams. But I have made 19my mind to achieve my dream. How about you？

Babara： Well， it always takes time to consider before 20（make） a decision.

参考答案与解析：

（一）单句语法填空

1.which。在题干中，先行词为空前的名词book，且关系词在从句中做recommended的宾语，故应用关系代词which做非限制性定语从句的引导词。

2.which。children之后是非限制性定语从句，先行词为空前的一句话内容，且关系词在从句中做主语，故填which。

3. where。先行词为community activities，且关系词在从句中做地点状语，故用关系副词where引导定语从句。

4. which/ that。the target为先行词，且关系词在从句中做set的宾语，故用关系代词which/ that引导定语从句。

5. where。句意为“这本书在日常交流中对我有很有帮助，尤其是在需要有良好印象的工作方面是必备的。”先行词为空前的名词work，且关系词在从句中做地点状语，故应填关系副词where。

6. which。several diverse cultures是先行词，且关系词在从句中做介词of的宾语，故应用which引导定语从句。

7.where。national parks为先行词，且关系词在从句中做地点状语，故填where。

8. where。空前的名词letter是先行词，且关系词在从句中做地点状语，故填关系副词where。

9.that/ which。先行词为空前的名词habit，且关系词在从句中做主语，故应用that/ which引导定语从句。

10.which/ that。在题干中，先行词为things，且空白处在从句中做主语，故应用关系代词which引导定语从句。

11. who/ that。an elder是指人的先行词，之后是其定语从句，且关系词在从句中做主语，故填关系代词who/ that。

12. where。counter为先行词，且关系词在从句中做地点状语，故应填关系副词where。

13.which/ that。The exact year为定语从句的先行词，关系词在从句中做动词spent的宾语，故用关系代词which/ that引导定语从句。

14.which/ that。the many dangers为先行词，且关系词在从句中做动词face的宾语，故应用关系代词which/ that引导定语从句。

15.which/ that。taxis为先行词，且关系词在从句中做动词hire的宾语，故填which/ that。

16.whom。relatives为指人的先行词，且关系词在从句中做介词from的宾语，故应用关系代词whom引导定语从句。

17.that/ which。句意为“生态系统是由一个区域里相互作用的生物和非生物构成的。”“the living and nonliving things”为先行词，且关系词在从句中做主语，故用that/ which引导定语从句。

18.which。passion为先行词，且关系词在从句中做remembers的宾语，故用关系代词which引导非限制性定语从句。

19.that/ which。a lonely island为先行词，且关系词在从句中做主语，故用关系代词that/ which引导定语从句。

20. as。逗号后是非限制性定语从句，先行词是逗号前的一句话内容，且空白处在从句中做主语，故as符合题意（as is often the case为定语从句的常用句式，意为“通常就是这样”）。

21. where。先行词为environment，且关系词在从句中做地点状语，故用关系副词where引导定语从句。

22. which。逗号前的句子为定语从句的先行词，且关系词在从句中做主语，故应用关系代词which引导非限制性定语从句。

23.where。house为先行词，且空白处在从句中做地点状语，故应用关系副词where引导定语从句。

24. where。a viewing platform为表示地点的先行词，且关系词在从句中做地点状语，故填where。

25.whom。先行词为“40 people”，且关系词在从句中做介词of的宾语，故应用关系代词whom引导定语从句。

26.which。逗号前的句子为先行词，关系词在从句中做主语，故应用关系代词which引导非限制性定语从句。

27.which。16：30虽然是表示时间的先行词，但是关系词在从句中做主语，故应用关系代词which引导非限制性定语从句。

28. as。“ has been discovered”为非限制性定语从句，先行词为主句的一句话内容，且关系词在从句中做主语，结合语境“正如所发现的”，as与题意相符（as引导定语从句时，有时有“正如”之意）。endprint

29.which。先行词为空前的名词process，且空白处在从句中做介词in的宾语，故应填关系代词which。

30.who。people为定语从句的先行词，且关系词在非限制性定语从句中充当主语，故填关系代词who。

（二）语法填空综合训练

A

1.another。考查固定搭配。此处为固定结构“for one thing… for another…”，意为“一方面……另一方面……”，故空格处填another。

2.but。考查并列连词。空白处前后是两个并列的句子，且空白处表示转折，故转折连词but符合题意。

3.which。考查定语从句。a lot of time and energy为先行词，逗号后为非限制性定语从句，且关系词在从句中做主语，故应填which。

4.of。考查介词短语。根据空前及语境可知，此处为介词短语in favor of，意为“支持，赞同”，故空白处填介词of。

5.an。考查动词短语。play a role in为动词短语，意为“在……起作用”，由此结合空后的形容词important可知，空白处应填写不定冠词an。

6.valuable。考查形容词。空白处在句中做定语，故空白处填提示词的形容词形式。

7.as。考查固定搭配。此处为固定搭配such as，意为“例如”。

8.organizing。考查省略和非谓语动词。根据省略知识可知，while之后省略了we are，完整的句子为“while we are organizing our microblogs”，故空白处填提示词的现在分词形式。

9.itself。考查代词。根据主语microblog可知，空白处应该填写反身代词itself。

10.that。考查强调句型。题干为强调句型，对your attitude towards it进行了强调，由此结合强调句型的特点可知，that与题意相符。

B

11.tired。考查形容词。空白处在句中做表语，且主语是人，故空白处应用提示词的过去分词形式（分词形容词化）。

12.it。考查代词。空白处为形式主语，真正的主语是空后的不定式短语，故空白处填it。

13.are being encouraged。考查动词时态和语态。空白处与主语之间是被动关系，由此结合句首的时间状语和语境可知，空白处应用现在进行时的被动语态。

14.which。考查定语从句。逗号后为非限制性定语从句，先行词为空前句子，且关系词在从句中做主语，故空白处填which。

15.as。考查固定搭配。根据空前内容可知，此处为固定搭配as…as，故空白处填as。

16.and。考查并列连词。空白处前后是两个并列的句子，由此结合语境可知，应填and。

17.later。考查固定短语。sooner or later为固定短语，意为“迟早”，故空格处填later。

18.peaceful。考查形容词。空白处在句中做定语，故空白处应该填写提示词的形容词形式。

19.up。考查动词短语。make up ones mind为动词短语，意为“下决心”，故空白处填up。

20.making。考查非谓语动词。在题干中，before为介词，之后应该接动名词做宾语，故空白处填提示词的动名词形式。endprint