贾　　静

(安徽建筑大学，合肥 230601)



语篇衔接手段研究

贾静

(安徽建筑大学，合肥 230601)

摘要：语篇衔接手段在语篇构建及语篇理解中具有举足轻重的作用，了解并掌握语篇衔接手段对英语学习及英语应用至关重要。通过举例分析，介绍语法衔接手段和词汇衔接手段的特点，研究其在语篇构建中的积极作用及其在实现语意连贯中的效果，以期对英语学习及其应用有所裨益。

关键词：语篇衔接；语篇连贯；语法衔接手段；词汇衔接手段

衔接就等同于表达小句间和小句以上单位意义联系和把语境与语篇联系起来的谋篇意义[1]109。语篇衔接是实现语篇连贯的重要手段，运用语篇衔接手段构建连贯的语篇是英文写作的主要目的；从语篇衔接手段中推断出语篇的意义，理解其产生的整体效果是篇章阅读要实现的目标。

英语语篇衔接研究层出不穷，徐玉臣研究了语篇衔接与心理连贯的关系[2]；张德禄、张爱杰分析了情景语境与语篇的衔接与连贯[3]；张继红介绍了照应、省略、搭配等三种衔接手段[4]；梁飞研究了词汇衔接在语篇中的连接作用及其文体效应[5]；李国梁分析了词汇衔接在大学英语六级写作中的作用[6]等。为深入认识和了解英语语篇衔接手段及其在实现语篇连贯中的重要作用，本文将对语法衔接手段和词汇衔接手段进行专门研究。

一、语法衔接手段

语法衔接主要包括照应(reference)、替代(substitution)、省略(ellipsis)、连接(conjunction)等，是构建语篇和实现语意连贯的重要手段之一。

(一)照应

在语篇中，如果对于一个词语的解释不能从词语本身获得，而必须从该词语所指的对象中寻求答案，这就产生了照应关系[7]。这种照应关系中一个成分做另一个成分的参照点，即一个语言成分与另一个可以与之相互解释的成分之间的关系。如(例文均来自《全新版大学英语综合教程》第二版1—4册和《新视野大学英语读写教程》3—4册)：

This man who worked himself to death finally and precisely at 3:00 A.M. Sunday morning—on his day off—was fifty-one years old and a vice-president. He was, however, one of six vice-presidents, and one of three who might conceivably—if the president died or retired soon enough—have moved to the top spot. Phil knew that.(TheCompanyMan)

与this man和he构成照应关系的词为a vice-president和Phil。文中若没有与this man和he有照应关系的词出现，这段话就无法实现语篇连贯，没有了连贯，语篇就失去了实际意义。另外，that与前面加下划线的句子内容也构成照应关系。

(二)替代

替代指的是用替代词去取代某一个成分。替代词只是形式，其语义要从所替代的成分中去寻找。其作用一方面为避免重复，使表达简练、紧凑、清晰，另一方面是为了连接上下文，使语意连贯。如：

“Would I sit on the governor’s committee and try to do something about the thousands of welfare clients who, like me, could earn part or all of their own livings if they were allowed to do so, one step at a time?”(LongingforaNewWelfareSystem)

文中so替代了的前文加下划线的内容，避免了重复而且使其与前文联系得更加紧密。

(三)省略

省略是指把语篇中的某个或某几个成分省去不提。其作用和替代相似，也是为避免重复，使表达简练、清晰，同时使语篇上下文紧凑连贯。如：

In 1905, at the age of 26 and four years before he was able to get a job as a professor of physics, Einstein published five of the most important...He proved that...He argued that...He described his theory of special relativity: space and time were threads in a common fabric, he proposed, which could be bent, stretched and twisted.

Oh, and by the way, E=mc2.(WasEinsteinaSpaceAlien?)

文中提到爱因斯坦发表了科学史上最重要的论文中的五篇，介绍了其中四篇之后，作者“顺便”提及另外一篇，即关于E=mc2的。Oh, and by the way, E=mc2.中省略了主语和谓语动词，这里主谓的省略不仅避免了重复，使表达更加简练，而且突出了文中出现的新信息E=mc2。

(四)连接

在一个句子之内，在小句之间，通常要有连接成分来把他们联系起来，表示小句之间的逻辑—语义关系和相互依赖关系[1]181。这种连接通常贯穿全文，如：

Ideally, people would like to know when an earthquake is going to happen and how bad it will be...

People would also like to be able to prevent the great destruction of property caused by earthquakes...

Besides， working to improve building structures, people in areas where earthquakes are common need to prepare for the possibility of a great earthquake...

上文为HowtoPrepareforEarthquake一文第1—3自然段的开头。其中，连接词also把第2段和第1段内容联系起来；besides把第3段和第1、第2段联系起来，从而实现了语篇结构上的衔接及语义上的前后连贯。

二、词汇衔接手段

词汇衔接指通过词的复现和同现等关系实现语篇衔接和语义连贯。词汇衔接手段主要有重复(repetition)、同义词(synonym)或近义词(near synonym)、上下义词(hyponym)、搭配(collocation)等。

(一)复现关系

复现是指一个词语以其自身的形式或以其同义词、近义词、上义词、下义词、概括词或其他形式重复出现在语篇中,实现句子的衔接及语义连贯。

1.原词复现

同一单词或短语在同一语篇中反复出现(有时根据语法要求做细微调整，如：lock-locks, interview-interviewing)为原词复现。原词复现是词汇衔接中最直接的表达方式，不仅能衔接前后文，实现语意连贯，还能突出主题，表达不同情感意义。在TheLastLeaf中，masterpiece在全文重复出现5次：

第18段：...For forty years he had been always about to paint a masterpiece, but he had never yet begun it. ...He drank gin to excess, and still talked of his coming masterpiece...

第19段：...In one corner was a blank canvas on an easel that had been waiting there for twenty-five years to receive the first line of the masterpiece.

第20段：“What!” He cried. “...Some day I will paint a masterpiece, and we shall all go away. Yes.”

第39段：“...Ah, darling, it’s Behrman’s masterpiece—he painted it there the night that the last leaf fell.”

Masterpiece的多次复现不仅加强了句与句之间的关联，而且加强了段与段间的衔接；强调了Behrman一生的艺术追求就是要画一幅杰作，同时又暗示其目标实现的可能性极其渺茫。

2.同义词和近义词复现

同义词和近义词复现不仅可以避免语篇单调呆板，还可以使表意更精确，描绘更形象生动，具有积极的修辞效果与独特的文体效应。如：

The girl in the green suit was walking quickly away. I felt as though I was split in two, so keen was my desire to follow her, and yet so deep was my longing for the woman whose spirit had truly companioned me and upheld my own. (AValentineStory)

keen和deep, desire to和longing for为同义词和近义词复现，不仅实现了语篇衔接，还避免了用词重复，使语言生动、富于变化，调整语言节奏，表达说话者的情感倾向。

3.上下义词复现

词可以在一个共同概念的支配下结合在一起形成一个语义场，这个共同概念称为上义词，构成语义场的其他词被称为下义词。同一个上义词的几个下义词间互为并列关系，上义词在意义上包含所有的下义词。如：

But it did list his “survivors” quite accurately. He is survived by his wife, Helen...

His “dearly beloved” eldest of the dearly beloved children is a hard-working executive...

His second child is a girl, who is twenty-four and newly married...

The youngest is twenty, a boy, a high-school graduate who has spent the last couple of years...(TheCompanyMan)

survivors是his wife, his dearly beloved eldest, his second child和the youngest等词的上义词，四个下义词互为并列关系。

4.概括词复现

语篇中遇到文中出现过的人、物、事情或地点时，可用泛指上述概念的词替代，如people, thing等。泛指词的意义完全包含上文某个或某几个意义相近的词，精简语言，衔接语篇，实现语义贯通的同时避免了词语重复过多而使篇章啰唆冗长，苍白无力。如：

Among them are many that are used in man’s war against nature. Since the mid-1940’s over 200 basic chemicals have been created for use in killing insects, weeds, rodents, and other organisms described nowadays as “pests”; and they are sold under sever thousand different brand names.(ExcerptsfromSilent Spring)

概括词organisms包括了文中insects, weeds，rodents等词的意思，在实现语篇衔接的同时，帮助理解词义及语篇的语义连贯。

(二)同现关系

同现关系指词汇在语篇中共同出现的倾向性(co-occurrence tendency)。语篇中围绕着一定的话题，一定的词就往往同时出现，而其他一些词则不大可能或根本不会出现。词汇同现包括反义、互补、局部—整体、搭配等。

1.反义和互补

反义关系指语义可以分等的有程度差别的词类关系，一般用来构成对比，形成一个意想不到或强烈反差的结果。如：

These sprays, dusts, and aerosols are now applied almost universally to farms, gardens, forests, and homes—nonselective chemicals that have the power to kill every insect, the “good” and the “bad”, to still the song of the birds and the leaping of fish in the streams, to coat...They should not be called “insecticides”, but “biocides”(ExcerptsfromSilent Spring).

The good和the bad构成了反义关系的词汇衔接，实现了语篇的工整对仗、语气贯通。

互补关系用来说明事物和观点的互补性与完整性。chemicals，insecticides和biocides为语义互补关系，这些“有虫就杀的化学品”不应被称为“杀虫剂”，而应被称为“杀生剂”，在实现语篇连贯的同时，强调了有毒化学品对地球生物的危害。

2.局部—整体

有些词，如arms, legs, feet, hands等与body构成局部—整体关系，也属同现关系衔接手段。如：

After too long on the Net, even a phone call can be a shock...Time itself becomes fluid—hours become minutes, or seconds stretch into days. Weekends, once a highlight of my week, are now just two ordinary days.(AVirtualWorld)

seconds, minutes, hours, days, week, weekends与time构成局部与整体的关系。

3.组合搭配

有些词倾向于出现在同一语境中，具有语篇衔接力，构成搭配衔接。围绕某一话题展开的语篇中，与这一话题相关的词项经常在一起使用形成词汇链。如：

A smart car could eliminate most of these car accidents. It can sense if a driver is drunk via electronic sensors that can pick up alcohol vapor in the air, and refuse to start up the engine. The car could also alert the police and provide its precise location if it is stolen.(SmartCars)

围绕smart car话题展开的语篇中，smart car的特点在由词项eliminate，sense，refuse，alert和provide等形成的词汇链中得到充分的说明。这种词的组合搭配不仅总结了smart car的特点，而且起到衔接语篇、连贯语义的作用。

三、结语

语篇是连贯的，语篇衔接是实现语篇连贯的重要手段。研究语篇衔接手段的特点及作用对英语学习及其应用具有重大的意义：一方面可以帮助英语学习者识别语篇衔接手段，理解作者的真实意图，实现对语篇的正确理解及准确翻译；另一方面可以帮助学习者构建连贯语篇，准确表达自己的思想，实现与读者的成功交流。

参考文献:

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(责任编辑：刘东旭)

Study on Means of Text Cohesion

JIA Jing

(Anhui Jianzhu University, Hefei 230601, China)

Abstract:Text cohesion plays a vital role in the construction and understanding of a text, so it is very important to learn and understand text cohesive devices for the study and application of English. By analyzing the examples from the texts, the researcher introduces the characteristics of the grammatical cohesive devices and the lexical cohesive devices respectively, and then studies the role of them in the construction of a text and the effect they produce in the realization of semantic coherence in order to benefit English study and its application.

Key words:text cohesion; text coherence; grammatical cohesive devices; lexical cohesive devices

中图分类号：H313

文献标志码：A

文章编号：1001-7836(2015)02-0133-03

作者简介：贾静(1972—)，女，安徽怀远人，副教授，硕士，从事语言学及英语教学研究。

基金项目：安徽建筑工业学院引进人才项目(批准号：建院函[2013]23号)

收稿日期：2014-06-24

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1001-7836.2015.02.051