我国稻田氮肥利用现状及对策
2014-10-21徐一兰
徐一兰
摘要 介绍了我国水稻生产中氮肥使用和利用情况,并从稻田土壤背景氮、杂交水稻和超级稻的应用、施肥时期和比例不合理、中期晒田等多方面分析了我国水稻氮肥利用率低的可能原因。初步探讨了从选育节氮高效水稻品种、研发和应用新型氮肥、改进稻田施肥时期和方法、科学使用硝化抑制剂和脲酶抑制剂及节肥新技术推广应用等方面来提高水稻氮肥利用率的研究策略。
关键词 水稻;稻田;氮肥;利用率;对策
中图分类号 S511 文献标识码 A 文章编号 0517-6611(2014)26-08970-03
Development State and Strategy of Improving Fertilizer-nitrogen Use Efficiency of Paddy in China
XU Yi-lan
(Hunan College of Biological and Electromechanical Polytechnic, Changsha, Hunan 410127)
Abstract The use and utilization of nitrogen (N) fertilizer in rice production in China were discussed. High indigenous soil N supply, application of hybrid rice and super rice, fertilizing time and its proportion is not reasonable, drained out water and dried the soil at maximum tillering stage could be the causes for the low fertilizer-N use efficiency in China. Therefore, future research work on improving fertilizer-N use efficiency of rice crop in China should focus on more on improving cultivars N responsiveness, breeding high fertilizer-N use efficiency of rice varieties, research and application of new type of nitrogen fertilizer, proper time and rate of N application based on crop N status, scientific use of nitrification inhibitors and urease inhibitors, application of new technology for save fertilizer and so on.
Key words Rice; Paddy field; Nitrogen fertilizer; Use efficiency; Strategy
水稻是我国最重要的粮食作物,其种植面积占我国粮食作物播种面积的26%~28%,产量占粮食总产的43%~45%[1]。经统计,1949年我国水稻总产为4 865万t,2007年上升至18 603万t,同期内单产由1 890 kg/hm2增加到6 435 kg/hm2,总产和单产分别增加了2.8倍和2.4倍[2]。多项研究证实,化肥尤其是氮肥对水稻生长具有重要作用。近年来,我国水稻生产面临着高氮肥投入和低氮肥利用率的情况[3-6],引发了环境污染、能源浪费和生产效益降低等一系列问题。笔者在概述国内氮肥施用主要研究进展的基础上,对当前农业生产中存在的氮肥施用问题提出了对策,以期为水稻氮肥高效吸收利用的进一步研究和生产提供科學支撑。
1 中国稻田氮肥利用现状及存在问题
水稻的优质高产离不开养分,氮素是水稻所需养分中的主要营养元素之一,而我国耕地土壤含氮量普遍缺乏,仅依靠土壤所含氮素远不能满足水稻生长发育对氮素的需求[7],因此施用氮肥成为提高水稻产量的必然途径之一。……
