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正常成人立体心电图心室复极参数分析

2014-08-07范惠娟△  刘志红△  宋洁  王红宇▲

中国医药科学 2014年9期

范惠娟△  刘志红△  宋洁  王红宇▲

[摘要] 目的 分析正常成人立体心电图心室复极参数范围。 方法 选择正常成年男女各50例采集立体心电图,并对QRS-T夹角、QRS-T比值、ST段和T环各主要参数进行统计分析。 结果 正常成年男女空间QRS-T夹角均值分别为(50.6°±33.1°)(95%可信区间为41.2°~60.1°)和(48.2°±28.7°)(95%可信区间为40.1°~56.3°),QRS-T比值均值分别为(3.12±1.51)(95%可信区间为2.69~3.55)和(3.71±2.61)(95%可信区间为2.96~4.45)。男女相比,ST时间[(88.9±24.7)ms比(108.5±13.2)ms,P<0.05]、T环运行时间[(187.2±28.9)ms比(174.9±24.5)ms,P<0.05]和离支时间[(118.3 ±33.2)比(102.6±33.1),P<0.05],差异均有统计学意义。 结论 与女性相比,男性T环运行时间和离支时间更长,ST时间更短。

[关键词]正常成人;立体心电图;心室复极

[中图分类号] R540.41   [文献标识码] B   [文章编号] 2095-0616(2014)09-14-03

Analysis of the ventricular repolarizing parameters of three-dimensional ECGof healthy adults

FAN Huijuan1  LIU Zhihong1  SONG Jie2  WANG Hongyu2

1.Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, China; 2.Department of Electrocardiography Information, the Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, China

[Abstract] Objective To analyze the ranges of the ventricular repolarizing parameters of three-dimensional ECG in healthy population. Methods To collect three-dimensional ECG of fifty healthy males and fifty healthy females, and contrast the QRS-T angle, the QRS-T ratio the running time, the main parameters of S-T segment and T loops, between males and females. Results In healthy males and females, the spatial QRS-T angle was (50.6 °± 33.1 °) (95% confidence interval was from 41.2° to 60.1°) and (48.2°± 28.7°)(95% confidence interval was from 40.1 ° to 56.3 °),respectively, while the QRS-T ratios were (3.12 ± 1.51) (95% confidence interval was from2.69 to 3.55) and (3.71 ± 2.61) (95% confidence interval was from2.96 to 4.45) , the difference between men and women has no statistically significance. To compare males with females, the S-T segment time(88.9±24.7ms ratio 108.5±13.2ms, P<0.05),the running time(187.2±28.9ms ratio 174.9±24.5ms, P<0.05)and the leaving branch's time(118.3 ±33.2 ratio 102.6±33.1, P<0.05)of the T loop the has statistically difference. Conclusion Compared with the females, the T-loop running time and the leaving branch's time longer are greater, the ST segment time is shorter.

[Key words] Healthy adults; Three-dimensional electrocardiography; Ventricular repolarization

自1903年Einthoven发明心电图机并将其应用于临床至今,心电图在心血管病和心律失常的诊断、治疗及预防中始终居于不可取代的地位[1]。心电图由平面向量环在各心电导联上的投影形成,而后者又由空间向量环在额面、横面、侧面3个相互垂直的平面上投影形成,也就是说心电图实质上是空间P-QRS-T环在各导联轴上的二次投影。反复投影必然会引起信息损失,故我们有理由认为立体

心电图较常规心电图包含更多信息。立体心电图是心脏瞬间综合心电向量的集合,其与临床和心脏解剖、病理改变相结合,有助于对心房、心室肌病变、传导异常、起源异常的分析和鉴别,弥补心电图的不足[2]。现有研究表明立体心电图在心房传导时间和除极角度、振幅的无创性整体评价[3]、判断心肌缺血的程度和范围[4]、陈旧性心肌梗死的诊断[5]、无症状心肌梗死的诊断[6]、左心室肥大[7]等方面均有重要价值。

目前尚无关于正常成年人立体心电图心室复极参数范围的资料。本文目的旨在对正常成年人的立体心电图心室复极参数范围进行分析,从而为其正常范围的制定提供依据。

表1  空间复极向量参数

观测指标 男性 女性 t P

95%可信区间* 95%可信区间*

ST时间(ms) 88.9±24.7 (81.9,95.9) 108.5±13.2 (101.7,115.4) -4.029 <0.001a

ST向量值(mv) 0.13±0.13 (0.10,0.17) 0.22±0.53 (0.06,0.37) -1.065 0.290

仰角(°) 82.8±33.4 (73.3,92.3) 78.9±36.9 (68.4,89.4) 0.550 0.584

水平角(°) 5.59±5.17 (4.12,7.06) -6.54±5.67 (-8.15,-4.93) 11.20 0.001a

T环运行时间(ms) 187.2±28.9 (180.0,195.4) 174.9±24.5 (167.9,181.8) 2.304 0.023a

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T环离支时间(ms) 118.3±33.2 (108.9,127.8) 102.6±33.1 (93.2,112.0) 2.364 0.020a

T环回支时间(ms) 68.9 ±28.5 (60.8,77.0) 72.2±31.7 (63.2,81.3) -0.554 0.581

T 环 长 0.32±0.26 (0.24,0.39) 0.45±0.84 (0.21,0.68) -1.021 0.310

T 环 宽 0.36±0.28 (0.28,0.44) 0.47±0.83 (0.23,0.71) -0.896 0.372

T 环 长/宽 0.88±0.14 (0.84,0.92) 0.95±0.20 (0.89,1.00) -1.945 0.055

T 环 面积 69.8±8.8 (44.9,94.7) 91.5±14.8 (49.4,133.6) -0.891 0.375

最大向量值(mv) 0.53±0.57 (0.37,0.69) 0.76±1.41 (0.36,1.16) -1.084 0.281

水平角(°) 31.9 ±48.0 (18.3,45.5) 14.0±5.1 (-5.7,2.9) 1.800 0.075

仰角(°) 77.2 ±28.8 (69.0,85.4) 71.1±29.1 (62.9,79.4) 1.052 0.296

注: * ()内依次为双侧95%可信区间的下限和上限;a:表示男女之间有统计学差异

表2  空间除、复极联合参数

观测指标 男性 女性 t P

95%可信区间* 95%可信区间*

QRS-T比值 3.12±1.51 (2.69,3.55) 3.71±2.61 (2.96,4.45) -1.375 0.173

QRS-T夹角(°) 50.6±33.1 (41.2,60.1) 48.2±28.7 (40.1,56.3) 0.394 0.694

注: * ()内依次为双侧95%可信区间的下限和上限

1 资料与方法

1.1 一般资料

山西医科大学第二医院2013年9~12月参加体检的人员,选择血糖、血压,肝肾功、血脂、心肌酶、凝血系列、甲状腺系列、血尿便常规(上述化验的各指标均在正常范围),心电图、心脏彩超、腹部彩超均正常,无心肺疾病的男女各50人(男性年龄范围:25~71岁,平均年龄:46.5±12.9岁;女性年龄范围24~72岁:平均年龄:42.3±11.5岁),采集立体心电图参数。正常血糖定义为空腹静脉血糖(己糖激酶法测定,范围4.2~6.1mmol/L)及糖化血红蛋白(HPLC法测定,<6.0%)均正常。血压正常定义为既往无高血压病病史,且测量3次不同时间段血压均<140/90mm Hg。

1.2 方法与指标

立体心电图参数,使用北京卡迪斯医疗科技有限公司生产的立体心电图仪,采用Frank导联体系[8],取平卧位采集。

分析参数包括:空间QRS-T夹角:即平均空间QRS电轴和平均空间T电轴间的夹角;QRS-T比值:即最大QRS向量、T向量振幅比值;S-T时间、ST向量振幅、ST向量仰角、ST向量水平角;空间T环运行时间、离支时间、回支时间,最大空间T向量振幅、仰角、水平角,T环长、宽、长/宽、面积。(注[9]:仰角:相应向量与Y轴正向夹角;水平角:相应向量与X轴正向夹角;位X轴前,水平角为正;位X轴后,水平角为负)

1.3 统计学处理

使用SPSS 17.0软件进行统计学分析,计量资料采用()表示,男女两组比较采用独立样本t检验,P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。

2 结果

2.1 空间复极向量参数

正常成年男女立体心电图空间复极参数的正常值及双侧95%可信区间见表1。男女相比,女性ST时间更长,而T环运行时间和离支时间更短;女性的ST向量位于X轴后,与X轴正向夹角为(-6.54°±5.67°),而男性的ST向量位于X轴前,与X轴正向的夹角为(5.59°±5.17°)。余参数男女间差异无统计学意义。

2.2 空间除、复极联合参数

正常成年男女立体心电图除、复极向量联合参数—QRS-T比值和QRS-T夹角的正常值及双侧95%可信区间见表2,男女相比,差异无统计学意义。

3 讨论

立体心电图是利用计算机成像技术,按心脏激动时间顺序连接各瞬间心脏综合向量而形成的三维空间心电向量环[2],具有安全无创、操作简单的优点,且较常规心电图可提供更多信息。

研究表明空间QRS-T夹角增大者心血管相关疾病的死亡率更大[10-12],故该夹角的预后作用是目前研究焦点,但究竟空间QRS-T夹角达到多少,对预测恶性心律失常的发生价值最大?多个研究中[12-13],提出了不同的界值,但目前对正常QRS-T夹角的范围及异常界值的划分尚无定论。国外Draisma等[14]对660个健康青年男女进行分析发现,男女性空间QRS-T夹角的均值分别为:(80°±24°)(98%可信区间为30°~ 130°)、(66°±23°)(98%可信区间为20°~ 116°)。国内李俊伟[15]等对33个冠造阴性者进行了分析发现其空间QRS-T夹角值为(59.6°±46°),与本研究结果相似。ST段和T环的改变,对心肌缺血的诊断意义重大,故制定这些参数的正常参考值也很重要。本研究分析后得出ST段和T环各参数的正常范围见前文所述。此外,空间QRS-T比值代表最大QRS向量与最大T向量振幅比值,心肌缺血时心电图上该值大于4。既往也有文献[16] 将平面QRS-T比值<4,作为心电向量图诊断冠心病心肌缺血的标准之一,但未见有关空间QRS-T比值正常值的相关文献。本研究测得正常男女的空间QRS-T比值分别为(3.12±1.51)(95%可信区间为2.69~3.55)、(3.71±2.61)(95%可信区间为2.96~4.45),有参考价值。

[参考文献]

[1] 朱明星,李北方,刘仁光.常规心电图—立体心电图应用研究现状[J].心血管病学进展2010,31(4):612-616.

[2] Mullinger KJ,Morgan PS,Bowtell RW.Improved a rtifact cor rection for combined e lectroencepha lography/functional MRI by means of synchronization and use of vectorcardiogram recordings[J].J Magn Reson Imaging, 2008,27(3):607-616.

[3] 蒋鹏,夏云龙,张树龙,等.立体心电图分析阵发性房颤患者心房的电生理特性[J].J 临床心电学杂志,2009,18(2):104-107.

[4] Eriksson P,Gunnarsson G.Diagnosis of acute myocardial 12-lead electrocardiogram compared with dynamic vectorcardiography[J].Cardiology,1998,90(1):58-62.

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[5] 范书英,柯元南,崔超英,等.立体心电图对陈旧心肌梗死的诊断价值[J].临床心电学杂志,2008,17(4):292-294.

[6] 孟祥睿,王红宇.立体心电向量图T环复极参数在无症状心肌缺血诊断中的价值[J].中国医药科学,2013,3(9):15-17.

[7] Man S,Rahmattulla C,Maan AC,et al.Role of the vectorcardiogram-derived spatial QRS-T angle in diagnosing left ventricular hypertrophy[J].Journal of Electrocardiology,2012,45(2):154-160.

[8] Frank E.An Accurate,Clinically Practical System For Spatial Vectorcadiography[J]. Circulation,1956, 13(5):737-749.

[9] Rubulis A,Jensen J,Lundahl G,et al.Ischemia induces aggravation of baseline repolarization abnormalities in left ventricular hypertrophy:a deleterious interaction[J].Appl Physiol,2006,101(1):102-110.

[10] Lipton JA,Nelwan SP,van Domburg RT,et al.Abnormal spatial QRS-T angle predicts mortality in patients undergoing dobutamine stress echocardiography for suspected coronary artery disease[J].Cornonary Artery Disease,2010,21(1):26-32.

[11] de Bie MK,Koopman MG,Gaasbeek A,et al.Incremental prognostic value of an abnormal baseline spatial QRS-T angle in chronic dialysis patients[J].Europace,2013,15(2):290-296.

[12] William W,Shimbo D,Levitan EB,et al.Relations between QRS|T Angle, Cardiac Risk Factors, and Mortality in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey(NHANES III)[J].Am J Cardiol, 2012,109(7):981-987.

[13] Zhang ZM,Prineas RJ,Case D,et al.Comparison of the prognostic significance of the electrocardiographic QRS/T angles in predicting incident coronary heart disease and total mortality (from the atherosclerosis risk in communities study)[J].Am J Cardiol,2007,100(5):844-849.

[14] Draisma HH,Schalij MJ,van der Wall EE,et al.Elucidation of the spatial ventricular gradient and its link with dispersion of repolarization[J].Heart Rhythm,2006,3(9):1092,1099.

[15] 李俊伟,王建理,王红宇.立体心电向量图心室复极参数的分析[J].中国医药指南,2012,6(10):1-2.

[16] 陈珙,钟俊芳.频谱心电图和心电图阳性的临床意义[J].上海医学,1998,21(8):477-478.

(收稿日期:2014-03-31)

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[5] 范书英,柯元南,崔超英,等.立体心电图对陈旧心肌梗死的诊断价值[J].临床心电学杂志,2008,17(4):292-294.

[6] 孟祥睿,王红宇.立体心电向量图T环复极参数在无症状心肌缺血诊断中的价值[J].中国医药科学,2013,3(9):15-17.

[7] Man S,Rahmattulla C,Maan AC,et al.Role of the vectorcardiogram-derived spatial QRS-T angle in diagnosing left ventricular hypertrophy[J].Journal of Electrocardiology,2012,45(2):154-160.

[8] Frank E.An Accurate,Clinically Practical System For Spatial Vectorcadiography[J]. Circulation,1956, 13(5):737-749.

[9] Rubulis A,Jensen J,Lundahl G,et al.Ischemia induces aggravation of baseline repolarization abnormalities in left ventricular hypertrophy:a deleterious interaction[J].Appl Physiol,2006,101(1):102-110.

[10] Lipton JA,Nelwan SP,van Domburg RT,et al.Abnormal spatial QRS-T angle predicts mortality in patients undergoing dobutamine stress echocardiography for suspected coronary artery disease[J].Cornonary Artery Disease,2010,21(1):26-32.

[11] de Bie MK,Koopman MG,Gaasbeek A,et al.Incremental prognostic value of an abnormal baseline spatial QRS-T angle in chronic dialysis patients[J].Europace,2013,15(2):290-296.

[12] William W,Shimbo D,Levitan EB,et al.Relations between QRS|T Angle, Cardiac Risk Factors, and Mortality in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey(NHANES III)[J].Am J Cardiol, 2012,109(7):981-987.

[13] Zhang ZM,Prineas RJ,Case D,et al.Comparison of the prognostic significance of the electrocardiographic QRS/T angles in predicting incident coronary heart disease and total mortality (from the atherosclerosis risk in communities study)[J].Am J Cardiol,2007,100(5):844-849.

[14] Draisma HH,Schalij MJ,van der Wall EE,et al.Elucidation of the spatial ventricular gradient and its link with dispersion of repolarization[J].Heart Rhythm,2006,3(9):1092,1099.

[15] 李俊伟,王建理,王红宇.立体心电向量图心室复极参数的分析[J].中国医药指南,2012,6(10):1-2.

[16] 陈珙,钟俊芳.频谱心电图和心电图阳性的临床意义[J].上海医学,1998,21(8):477-478.

(收稿日期:2014-03-31)

endprint

[5] 范书英,柯元南,崔超英,等.立体心电图对陈旧心肌梗死的诊断价值[J].临床心电学杂志,2008,17(4):292-294.

[6] 孟祥睿,王红宇.立体心电向量图T环复极参数在无症状心肌缺血诊断中的价值[J].中国医药科学,2013,3(9):15-17.

[7] Man S,Rahmattulla C,Maan AC,et al.Role of the vectorcardiogram-derived spatial QRS-T angle in diagnosing left ventricular hypertrophy[J].Journal of Electrocardiology,2012,45(2):154-160.

[8] Frank E.An Accurate,Clinically Practical System For Spatial Vectorcadiography[J]. Circulation,1956, 13(5):737-749.

[9] Rubulis A,Jensen J,Lundahl G,et al.Ischemia induces aggravation of baseline repolarization abnormalities in left ventricular hypertrophy:a deleterious interaction[J].Appl Physiol,2006,101(1):102-110.

[10] Lipton JA,Nelwan SP,van Domburg RT,et al.Abnormal spatial QRS-T angle predicts mortality in patients undergoing dobutamine stress echocardiography for suspected coronary artery disease[J].Cornonary Artery Disease,2010,21(1):26-32.

[11] de Bie MK,Koopman MG,Gaasbeek A,et al.Incremental prognostic value of an abnormal baseline spatial QRS-T angle in chronic dialysis patients[J].Europace,2013,15(2):290-296.

[12] William W,Shimbo D,Levitan EB,et al.Relations between QRS|T Angle, Cardiac Risk Factors, and Mortality in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey(NHANES III)[J].Am J Cardiol, 2012,109(7):981-987.

[13] Zhang ZM,Prineas RJ,Case D,et al.Comparison of the prognostic significance of the electrocardiographic QRS/T angles in predicting incident coronary heart disease and total mortality (from the atherosclerosis risk in communities study)[J].Am J Cardiol,2007,100(5):844-849.

[14] Draisma HH,Schalij MJ,van der Wall EE,et al.Elucidation of the spatial ventricular gradient and its link with dispersion of repolarization[J].Heart Rhythm,2006,3(9):1092,1099.

[15] 李俊伟,王建理,王红宇.立体心电向量图心室复极参数的分析[J].中国医药指南,2012,6(10):1-2.

[16] 陈珙,钟俊芳.频谱心电图和心电图阳性的临床意义[J].上海医学,1998,21(8):477-478.

(收稿日期:2014-03-31)

endprint