APP下载

MR多序列成像对前列腺癌穿刺活检及重复活检的指导价值

2013-02-19宋国平程英升

介入放射学杂志 2013年7期
关键词:前列腺癌灵敏度前列腺

宋国平, 程英升

前列腺癌在欧美地区发病率较高,在美国约占男性癌肿的25%[1]。近年来随着我国国民对健康体检的重视以及对前列腺癌检出手段的进步,前列腺癌的发病率在不断上升,已占到男性泌尿和生殖系统恶性肿瘤的第3位[2]。前列腺穿刺病理检查是前列腺癌诊断的金标准,可以发现、定位癌灶,评估肿瘤的恶性程度,也可指导临床分期,为后续选择治疗方案提供依据。MR多序列成像检查对于前列腺癌有着较高的灵敏度和特异度,将两者结合应用可以有效提高穿刺阳性率。

1 前列腺穿刺适应证

根据我国前列腺癌诊断治疗指南[3]前列腺超声穿刺活检指征包括:① 直肠指检 (digital rectal examimation,DRE)发现结节,不论血清前列腺特异性抗原(PSA)值。 ② PSA >10 ng/ml,不计游离/总PSA值(f/tPSA)和PSA密度(PSAD)值。③ PSA 4~10 ng/ml,f/tPSA异常或PSAD值异常。④ PSA 4~10 ng/ml,f/tPSA和PSAD值正常,超声发现前列腺低回声结节或(和)MR发现异常信号。⑤重复穿刺活检指征:第1次前列腺穿刺阴性结果,以下情况需重复穿刺活检:a.PSA>10 ng/ml,不论f/tPSA或PSAD。b.PSA 4~10 ng/ml,复查f/tPSA或PSAD值异常,或DRE和影像学异常。c.PSA 4~10 ng/ml,复查f/tPSA、PSAD、DRE、影像学均正常,严密随访,每3个月复查PSA。如果PSA连续2次>10 ng/ml或每年PSA速率 (PSAV)>0.75 ng/ml应该再次穿刺活检。d.重复穿刺的时机:2次穿刺间隔时间尚有争议,目前多为1~3个月;e.重复穿刺次数:对于2次穿刺阴性结果者,属于上述情况者,推荐进行2次以上穿刺。

血清PSA检测是最基础的筛查手段,最常用的包括血清tPSA,fPSA/tPSA比率;其他还包括PSAD、PSAV、PSA体积参考值等。朱刚等[4]统计穿刺阳性率为 17.6%。PeLzer等[5]报道当血清 PSA 4.1~10.0 ng/ml时,穿刺活检的阳性率为27.0%。DRE异常是前列腺癌穿刺活检的绝对适应证,Roberts等[6]报道,在一组327例DRE异常而行穿刺活检的患者中活检阳性率为 18%。 Fowler等[7]研究表明,当DRE 阳性,而血PSA水平分别为 <1.0 ng/ml,1.0~1.9 ng/ml,2.0~2.9 ng/ml,3.0~3.9 ng/ml, 其阳性率分别为4%,15%,27%和29%。由此可见,DRE异常时其穿刺活检阳性率与血清PSA水平密切相关。

2 超声引导在前列腺穿刺中的应用

超声广泛应用于前列腺癌筛查、确诊和穿刺活检术。超声对癌灶定位的能力有限,其灵敏度和特异度为40%~50%[8-10]。一些小的癌灶不能被灰阶超声所发现。低回声病灶也不一定是前列腺癌,诸如前列腺炎、前列腺增生和萎缩病灶也可表现为低回声,从而降低超声诊断前列腺癌的特异度[11]。

超声常用于实时引导穿刺活检前列腺病灶。6点系统穿刺法是经典穿刺方法[12],但由于其穿刺点少,假阴性率超过20%。因为超声引导穿刺活检有多至40%假阴性[13-14],因此许多学者提出了8针、10针等扩展穿刺法,甚至是多达20针以上的饱和穿刺法。Stamatiou等[15]报道,对一组286例患者行10针或更多针穿刺与传统6针穿刺法比较提高了肿瘤的发现率。胡建波等[16]对160例患者进行13点穿刺,相对系统6点穿刺法,前列腺癌的检出率提高了21%。Scattoni等[17]对617例可疑患者进行24针饱和穿刺,其癌灶阳性检出率为46.8%。饱和穿刺法对前列腺造成很大的损伤,并且费用也会相应有所提高,这些都限制饱和穿刺法成为标准穿刺模式。因此以MR多序列成像为指导的靶向穿刺被更多地应用,以提高超声导引穿刺活检术阳性发现率。

3 MR 成像在前列腺癌诊断中的应用

MR成像已逐渐被用于前列腺癌早期发现及定位、指导穿刺,甚至在MR导引下穿刺活检。前列腺癌通常发生于外周带,呈圆形或不规则形,T2WI呈低信号灶,但是诸如前列腺炎、血肿、增生、萎缩、癌治疗后改变等疾病都可以在T2WI呈低信号影而与癌相混淆。发生在中央腺体(移行区)的癌肿与正常组织在T2WI都呈低信号灶而无法区分。根据以往报道,单独应用MR T2WI诊断前列腺癌其灵敏度和特异度分别为77%~91%和45%~73%[18-20]。

由于T2WI的局限性,现在多是将T2WI与功能成像联合应用诊断前列腺癌。前列腺功能成像包括动态增强扫描 (dynamic contrast enhanced imaging,DCEI)、弥散加权成像(diffusion-weighted imaging,DWI)、波谱成像(MR spectroscopy,MRS)。 已有大量研究表明应用功能成像或联合应用T2WI能提高前列腺癌的诊断准确性。Kim等[20]研究在外周带应用DCEI诊断癌灶的灵敏度和特异度可达到96%和97%,而 T2WI只有 75%和 53%。Kitajima等[21]对一组53例患者以穿刺活检为标准的研究中,单独应用T2WI其灵敏度和特异度为61%和91%,准确度为84%;而应用DCE结合T2WI的灵敏度和特异度为77%和93%,准确度为89%;应用DWI+T2WI灵敏度和特异度为76%和94%,准确度为90%。Scheidler等[19]报道单独应用T2WI诊断前列腺癌灵敏度和特异度为46%和61%,而单独应用MRS为63%和75%,联合应用MRS和T2WI的灵敏度和特异度则提高到91%和95%。Yoshizako等[22]对一组26例患者前列腺移行区癌灶进行研究,应用T2WI、DCEI、DWI序列成像并与前列腺全切术后病理对照,其单独应用T2WI的灵敏度、特异度、准确度和阳性预测值分别为61.5%、68.8%、64.3%和76.2%,应用 T2WI、DWI联合 DCEI分别为 69.2%、93.8%、78.6%和94.7%,他们认为对于移行区癌灶应用DWI联合T2WI可以提高诊断准确度,应用DCEI、DWI联合T2WI可以提高其特异度和阳性预测值。

4 MR在指导穿刺及重复穿刺中的应用

前列腺MR多序列成像对于癌灶的定位显示具有重要的临床意义[23]。前列腺癌灶准确定位可以提高前列腺癌靶向穿刺的发现率并有助于前列腺癌准确分期,还有助于对前列腺癌放疗定位和对于微创治疗的定焦[24-30]。

近年来国内外越来越多的学者应用MR多序列成像对前列腺癌进行定位以指导超声引导下靶向穿刺活检,无论是初次活检抑或重复活检,均提高了穿刺活检的阳性发现率[31]。 戚庭月等[32]对 50例临床怀疑前列腺癌的患者在超声引导穿刺活检术前行3.0T MR成像,根据DWI发现病灶并定位,采用系统穿刺、以DWI为指导靶向穿刺、系统穿刺与靶向穿刺相结合经会阴穿刺后比较,3种方法的前列腺癌检出率分别为46%、54%、66%,穿刺阳性率分别为9.33%、40.41%和14.23%,统计学表明DWI靶向穿刺结合系统穿刺与单纯系统穿刺差异有统计学意义。因而认为联合应用DWI靶向穿刺结合系统穿刺可以提高前列腺癌检出率和穿刺阳性率,降低重复穿刺的风险。国外诸多学者研究表明MRS靶向穿刺可以提高前列腺癌检出率[33-36]。Kumar等[37]在对一组44例患者在超声引导穿刺活检术前应用MRS进行前列腺扫描,发现可疑病灶后以靶向穿刺结合6针系统穿刺法对前列腺进行穿刺,其检出率为25%,而另一组120例患者行单纯系统穿刺法进行穿刺得到的检出率仅为9%。

根据Zackrisson等[38]研究6针系统穿刺法首次活检检出率为23%,而第2~5次活检的检出率依次递减,分别为17.6%,11.7%,8.7%和0%。由于MR及其功能成像对前列腺癌发现及定位有较高的灵敏度和特异度,有学者研究将MR多序列成像应用于那些有超声穿刺活检阴性史,而临床又高度怀疑前列腺癌而需要进行重复穿刺活检的患者[37,39-43],结果表明有助于提高前列腺癌检出率。Amsellem-Ouazana等[39]对一组42例患者进行重复穿刺前应用MR T2W联合MRS成像后再行穿刺进行研究,其平均穿刺次数为2.04次,前列腺癌检出率为35.7%(15/42),T2W联合 MRS成像灵敏度、特异度、阳性预测值、阴性预测值和准确度分别为73.3%,96.3%,91.6%,86.6%和88%。他们认为T2W联合MRS可以指导重复穿刺,以减少重复穿刺次数和穿刺针数。Sciarra等[44]对180例怀疑前列腺癌患者分为两组,A组行系统穿刺,B组行T2W、MRS联合DCEI靶向穿刺结合系统穿刺。B组检出率为45.5%(41/90), 显著高于 A组检出率 24.4%(22/90),DCEI诊断前列腺癌灵敏度、特异度、阳性预测值、阴性预测值和准确度分别为84.6%、82.3%、78.5%、87.5%和83.3%。MRSI联合DCEI灵敏度、特异度、阳性预测值、阴性预测值和准确度分别为92.6%、88.8%、88.7%、92.7%和 90.7%。 Park 等[45]应用3.0T DWI联合T2W对43例怀疑前列腺癌而初次活检阴性的患者进行研究,其检出率为39.5%(17/43),DWI提供了癌灶定位的信息,有助于提高癌灶检出率和减少重复穿刺次数。

5 MR联合超声指导穿刺的局限性及前景

由于多数前列腺癌在超声成像中不能显示,当应用MR图像指导超声穿刺活检时,最为重要的是将MR病灶定位与超声成像定位相统一。戚庭月等[32]应用DW图像指导超声经会阴穿刺时,应用双平面探头中的线阵组探头进行引导,进行前列腺组织穿刺取材。而在退针之前将换能器转为凸阵组以获取前列腺的横切图,观察并对比穿刺针针尖位置是否与DW图像病灶位置相匹配,如不符,则调整穿刺路径并确认后进行穿刺。在国外已有学者应用MR图像与超声图像融合后进行实时指导穿刺活检[46-48]。他们应用特制的软件,应用经直肠超声取得的横断面2D图像重建为3D容积超声图像,并与穿刺前取得的MR容积图像(使用直肠线圈)进行匹配,并在同一工作站中将两者进行手工注册。注册后实时的超声图像就会自动与MR容积图像进行融合,这样可疑病灶会显示在MR图像和实时融合图像中,在MR-超声实时融合系统下穿刺活检会有更高的准确性。但是至今还未有应用于临床的商业软件系统,因此这项技术尚不能大规模推广。

基于MR图像对前列腺癌发现有着较高的灵敏度和特异度,在西方国家MR引导下前列腺穿刺活检术越来越多地应用于临床[49-52]。其优点在于清晰显示病灶,并定向引导穿刺;由于MRI弥散加权成像的表观弥散系数(ADC值)与肿瘤的侵袭性有较高的相关性,MR指导下可以定向穿刺那些有可能得到更高Gleason得分的病灶;MR引导下穿刺活检有更高的发现率(38%~59%)。MR引导下穿刺活检的缺点是费用高、操作时长。

鉴于MR及其功能成像对前列腺癌发现、定位及分期的诸多优点,应该提倡对于那些具有患前列腺癌高风险的患者在超声引导下穿刺活检术前行常规MR及至少一种功能成像。对于那些首次活检阴性或屡次活检阴性而临床又高度怀疑前列腺癌的患者更应在再次超声穿刺活检前行MR多序列成像,发现、定位可疑癌灶、指导穿刺活检,以提高前列腺癌检出率和穿刺阳性率,减少不必要的重复活检次数和穿刺针数。

[1] American Cancer Society.Prostate cancer facts[M]//Cancer facts&figures 2009.Atlanta, Ga: American Cancer Society, 2009:19-20.

[2] 孙颖浩.我国前列腺癌的研究现状 [J].中华泌尿外科杂志,2004, 25: 77-80.

[3] 《前列腺癌诊断治疗指南》解读 [J].泌尿外科杂志:电子版,2009, 1: 53-54.

[4] 朱 刚,芦志华,马 宏,等.B超引导下经直肠前列腺穿刺临床分析[J].中华医学杂志, 2009, 89: 955-957.

[5] Pelzer AE,Volgger H,Bektic J,et al.The effect of percentage free prostate-specific antigen (PSA)level on the prostate Cancer detection rate in a screening population with low PSA levels[J].BJU Int, 2005, 96: 995-998.

[6] Roberts RO,Bergstralh EJ,Lieber MM, et al.Digital rectal examination and prostate-specific antigen abnormalities at the time of prostate biopsy and biopsy outcomes, 1980 to 1997[J].Urology,2000,56:817-822.

[7] Fowler JE JR,Bigler SA,Farabangh PB,et al.Prostate Cancer detection in Black and White men with abnormal digital rectal examination and prostate specific antigen less then 4 ng/ml[J].J Urol, 2000, 164: 1961-1963.

[8] Rifkin M.Comparison of magnetic resonance imaging and ultrasonography in staging early prostate cancer.Results of a multi-institutional cooperative trial [J].N Engl J Med, 1991,26:1024-1025.

[9] Norberg M,Egevad L,Holmberg L,et al.The sextant protocol for ultrasound-guided core biopsies of the prostate underestimates the presence of cancer[J].Urology, 1997, 50: 562-566.

[10] Beerlage HP, Aarnink RG, Ruijter ET, et al.Correlation of transrectal ultrasound,computer analysis of transrectal ultrasound and histopathology of radical prostatectomy specimen [J].Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis, 2001, 4: 56-62.

[11] Hricak H, Choyke PL, Eberhardt SC, et al.Imaging prostate Cancer: a multidisciplinary perspective [J].Radiology, 2007,243:28-53.

[12] Hodge KK, Mcneal JE, Terris MK, et al.Random systematic versus directed ultrasound guided transrectal core biopsies of the prostate[J].J Urol, 1989, 142: 71-74.

[13] Levine MA,Ittman M, Melamed J, et al.Two consecutive sets of transrectal ultrasound guided sextant biopsies of the prostate for the detection of prostate cancer[J].J Urol, 1998, 159: 471-475.

[14] Svetec D,Mccabe K,Peretsman S,et al.Prostate rebiopsy is a poor surrogate of treatment efficacy in localized prostate cancer[J].J Urol, 1998, 159: 1606-1608.

[15] Stamatiou K, Alevizos A, Karanasiou V, et al.Impact of additional sampling in the TRUS-guided biopsy for the diagnosis of prostate cancer[J].Urol Int, 2007, 78: 313-317.

[16]胡建波,杨柳平,魏鸿蔼,等.经直肠超声引导前列腺13点系统穿刺活检术诊断前列腺癌 [J].中华超声影像学杂志,2001, 10: 734-736.

[17]Scattoni V,Raber M,Abdollah F,et al.Biopsy schemes with the fewest cores for detecting 95% of the prostate cancers detected by a 24—core biopsy[J].Eur Urol, 2010, 57: 1-8.

[18] Hricak H,White S,Vigneron D,et al.Carcinoma of the prostate gland:MR imaging with pelvic phased-array coils versus integrated endorectal—pelvic phased-array coils [J].Radiology,1994,193: 703-709.

[19] Scheidler J, Hricak H, Vigneron DB, et al.Prostate Cancer:localization with three-dimensional proton Mr spectroscopic imaging—clinicopathologic study [J].Radiology, 1999, 213:473-480.

[20] Kim JK,Hong SS,Choi YJ,et al.Wash-in rate on the basis of dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI:usefulness for prostate Cancer detection and localization [J].J Magn Reson Imaging, 2005,22:639-646.

[21] Kitajima K,Kaji Y,Fukabori Y,et al.Prostate cancer detection with 3 T MRI:comparison of diffusion-weighted imaging and dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI in combination with T2-weighted imaging [J].J Magn Reson Imaging, 2010, 31: 625-631.

[22] Yoshizako T,Wada A,Hayashi T,et al.Usefulness of diffusionweighted imaging and dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging in the diagnosis of prostate transition-zone cancer[J].Acta Radiol, 2008, 49: 1207-1213.

[23] Hoeks CM, Barentsz JO, Hambrock T, et al.Prostate Cancer:multiparametric Mr imaging for detection, localization, and staging[J].Radiology, 2011, 261: 46-66.

[24] Hricak H,White S,Vigneron D,et al.Carcinoma of the prostate gland:Mr imaging with pelvic phased-array coils versus integrated endorectal—pelvic phased-array coils [J].Radiology,1994,193: 703-709.

[25] Haider MA,van der Kwast TH,Tanguay J,et al.Combined T2-weighted and diffusion-weighted MRI for localization of prostate cancer[J].Am J Roentgenol, 2007, 189: 323-328.

[26] Turkbey B,Pinto PA,Mani H,et al.Prostate Cancer:value of multiparametric Mr imaging at 3 T for detection—histopathologic correlation[J].Radiology, 2010, 255: 89-99.

[27] Fütterer JJ,Heijmink SW, Scheenen TW,et al.Prostate Cancer localization with dynamic contrast-enhanced Mr imaging and proton Mr spectroscopic imaging[J].Radiology, 2006, 241: 449-458.

[28] Ogura K, Maekawa S, Okubo K, et al.Dynamic endorectal magnetic resonance imaging for local staging and detection of neurovascular bundle involvement of prostate cancer:correlation with histopathologic results[J].Urology, 2001, 57: 721-726.

[29] Jager GJ, Ruijter ET, van de Kaa CA, et al.Dynamic TurboFLASH subtraction technique for contrast-enhanced Mr imaging of the prostate:correlation with histopathologic results[J].Radiology, 1997, 203: 645-652.

[30] Kim CK,Park BK,Kim B.Localization of prostate Cancer using 3T MRI:comparison of T2-weighted and dynamic contrastenhanced imaging [J].J Comput Assist Tomogr, 2006, 30: 7-11.

[31] Wefer AE,Hricak H,Vigneron DB,et al.Sextant localization of prostate Cancer: comparison of sextant biopsy, magnetic resonance imaging and magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging with step section histology[J].J Urol, 2000, 164: 400-404.

[32]戚庭月,陈亚青,苗华栋,等.经DWI定位经直肠超声引导下前列腺穿刺活检术诊断前列腺癌 [J].中国医学影像技术,2011, 27: 1485-1489.

[33] Yuen JS, Thng CH, Tan PH, et al.Endorectal magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy for the detection of tumor foci in men with prior negative transrectal ultrasound prostate biopsy[J].J Urol, 2004, 171: 1482-1486.

[34] Prando A, Kurhanewicz J, Borges AP, et al.Prostatic biopsy directed with endorectal MR spectroscopic imaging findings in patients with elevated prostate specific antigen levels and prior negative biopsy findings: early experience[J].Radiology, 2005,236:903-910.

[35] Wetter A, Hübner F, Lehnert T, et al.Three-dimensional 1H-magnetic resonance spectroscopy of the prostate in clinical practice: technique and resultsin patientswith elevated prostate-specific antigen and negative or no previous prostate biopsies[J].Eur Radiol, 2005, 15: 645-652.

[36] Amsellem-Ouazana D, Younes P, Conquy S, et al.Negative prostatic biopsies in patients with a high risk of prostate Cancer.Is the combination of endorectal MRI and magnetic resonance spectroscopy imaging (MRSI) a useful tool? A preliminary study[J].Eur Urol, 2005, 47: 582-586.

[37]Kumar V,Jagannathan NR, Kumar R, et al.Transrectal ultrasound-guided biopsy of prostate voxels identified as suspicious of malignancy on three-dimensional (1) H Mr spectroscopic imaging in patients with abnormal digital rectal examination or raised prostate specific antigen level of 4-10 ng/ml [J].NMR Biomed, 2007, 20:11-20.

[38] Zackrisson B, Aus G, Bergdahl S, et al.The risk of finding focal cancer (less than 3 mm) remains high on rebiopsy of patients with persistently increased prostate specific antigen but the clinical significance is questionable[J].J Urol, 2004, 171:1500-1503.

[39] Amsellem-Ouazana D, Younes P, Conquy S, et al.Negative prostatic biopsies in patients with a high risk of prostate Cancer[J].Is thecombination ofendorectalMRIand magnetic resonance spectroscopy imaging (MRSI) a useful tool? A preliminary study[J].Eur Urol, 2005, 47: 582-586.

[40] Anastasiadis AG, Lichy MP, Nagele U, et al.MRI-guided biopsy of the prostate increases diagnostic performance in men with elevated or increasing PSA levels after previous negative TRUS biopsies[J].Eur Urol, 2006, 50: 738-748.

[41] Lattouf JB, Grubb RL 3rd, Lee SJ, et al.Magnetic resonance imaging-directed transrectal ultrasonography-guided biopsies in patients at risk of prostate cancer[J].BJU Int, 2007, 99: 1041-1046.

[42] Prando A, Kurhanewicz J, Borges AP, et al.Prostatic biopsy directed with endorectal MR spectroscopic imaging findings in patients with elevated prostate specific antigen levels and prior negative biopsy findings: early experience[J].Radiology, 2005,236:903-910.

[43] Singh AK, Krieger A, Lattouf JB, et al.Patient selection determines the prostate Cancer yield of dynamic contrastenhanced magnetic resonance imaging-guided transrectal biopsies in a closed 3-Tesla scanner [J].BJU Int, 2008, 101:181-185.

[44] Sciarra A,Panebianco V,Ciccariello M,et al.Value of magnetic resonance spectroscopy imaging and dynamic contrast-enhanced imaging for detecting prostate cancer foci in men with prior negative biopsy[J].Clin Cancer Res, 2010, 16: 1875-1883.

[45] Park BK, Lee HM, Kim CK, et al.Lesion localization in patients with a previous negative transrectal ultrasound biopsy and persistently elevated prostate specific antigen level using diffusion-weighted imaging at three tesla before rebiopsy [J].Invest Radiol, 2008, 43: 789-793.

[46] Singh AK, Kruecker J, Xu S, et al.Initial clinical experience with real-time transrectal ultrasonography-magnetic resonance imaging fusion-guided prostate biopsy[J].BJU Int, 2008, 101:841-845.

[47] Xu S, Kruecker J, Guion P, et al.Closed-loop control in fused MR-TRUS image-guided prostate biopsy[J].Med Image Comput Comput Assist Interv,2007,10:128-135.

[48] Xu S, Kruecker J, Turkbey B, et al.Real-time MRI-TRUS fusion for guidance of targeted prostate biopsies [J].Comput Aided Surg, 2008, 13: 255-264.

[49] Engelhard K,Hollenbach HP, Kiefer B,et al.Prostate biopsy in the supine position in a standard 1.5-T scanner under real time MR-imaging control using a MR-compatible endorectal biopsy device [J].Eur Radiol, 2006, 16: 1237-1243.

[50] Hambrock T,Somford DM,Hoeks C,et al.Magnetic resonance imaging guided prostate biopsy in men with repeat negative biopsies and increased prostate specific antigen [J].J Urol,2010,183:520-527.

[51] Anastasiadis AG, Lichy MP, Nagele U, et al.MRI-guided biopsy of the prostate increases diagnostic performance in men with elevated or increasing PSA levels after previous negative TRUS biopsies[J].Eur Urol, 2006, 50: 738-748.

[52] Beyersdorff D,Winkel A,Hamm B,et al.MR imaging-guided prostate biopsy with a closed MR unit at 1.5T:initial results[J].Radiology, 2005, 234: 576-581.

猜你喜欢

前列腺癌灵敏度前列腺
基于机电回路相关比灵敏度的机电振荡模式抑制方法
治疗前列腺增生的药和治疗秃发的药竟是一种药
基于灵敏度分析提升某重型牵引车车架刚度的研究
前列腺良恶性肿瘤应用DCE-MRI鉴别诊断的作用分析
MTA1和XIAP的表达与前列腺癌转移及预后的关系
前列腺癌,这些蛛丝马迹要重视
导磁环对LVDT线性度和灵敏度的影响
治疗前列腺增生的药和治疗秃发的药竟是一种药
与前列腺肥大共处
前列腺癌治疗与继发性糖代谢紊乱的相关性