凤利民

摘要：“力拔山兮气盖世”的西楚霸王，败北与汉高祖刘邦，留下千古话题。自司马迁始，史家对项羽失败原因已有种种解释。但是，从人物内心深处——复仇意识角度分析的并不多见。文章认为正是复仇心理的作祟，对他的性格、事业产生了重大影响，并至死不悟、自刎乌江。项羽的复仇心理较为复杂，家仇国仇交织；他的复仇心理主要表现为对秦的极端仇恨和重振楚地的雄威并因此导致他的事业在灭秦后无所适从，进而放弃关中、衣锦还乡，失去夺取天下的最佳机会，酿成悲剧。

关键词：史记；项羽；复仇；悲剧

Abstract: the "force beyond everything" overlord overlord, lost and liu bang hangaozu, leaving the eternal topic. Since SiMaQianShi, historians xiang yu the reason for failure to have a variety of explanation. But, from deep inside character-revenge perspective of consciousness does not see more. We argue that it is the revenge mental was to his character, career exert great influence, and enlightenment to death, wujiang river to commit suicide. The revenge mental xiang yu is relatively complex, GuQiu GuoQiu intertwined; His revenge mental mainly for the extreme hatred of qin and revitalize the chu XiongWei and thus lead to his career in the qin dynasty out after not know what to do, and then give up guanzhong, comes back home with wealth and power, and lose the best chance to capture, tragedy.

Keywords: records; Xianyu; Revenge; tragedy

中图分类号：J975.3文献标识码：A文章编号：

如果项羽能够听从范增的策划，在鸿门宴上除掉刘邦，那么项羽就能轻易的消灭他的政治死敌，毕其功于一役而稳坐霸王的宝座，如果项羽能在刘邦困荥阳城时听从范增的忠告“今释弗取，后必悔之”，把刘邦彻底的解决掉、那么历时数年的楚汉相争也就到此结束。中国的历史也许要因此而改写，但可惜这终究是一个假设。历史不会怀着同情心去选择未来，项羽的悲剧也逃不过这一历史法则。项羽之败给我们留下太多的思考，历代学者大都从政治背景、决策得失、谋略运作以及性格缺陷等方面去分析他的失败原因，而从复仇角度去探析的并不多见，本文将以复仇为切入点，指出复仇心理是其政治上、军事上一系列决策错误的内在原因之一，最终造成了项羽失败的结局。

一、项羽复仇心理的形成