罗春梅

英语学习过程中，学习者感到困难的一时语法，二是习惯用语。而语法包含诸多方面，如：名词、代词、动词、单句和从句等等。如何将主动语态准确又轻松的变为被动语态就是其中的难点。

1. 英语被动语态常用的场合

1.1 不知道谁是动作的执行者或没有必要。如：Paper is made from wood. The house is quite old. It was built in 1950. He was wounded in the fight.

1.2 需要强调动作的承受者时。如：Calwlator can't be used in the maths exam. Books and newspapers in the reading room mustn't be taken away. He was awarded first prize in that contest.

1.3 为了使语气婉转，避免提及自己或对方而使用被动语态，或由于修饰的需要，使用被动语态，使句子得以更好的安排。 如：The construction of the new lab must be completed by the end of next month. Electricity is used to run machines.

2. 被动语态的构成

2.1 be+done 可以是被动语态，也可以是系表结构形式。被动语态中，done可以带by短语，而系表结构中done相当于adj. 不带 by短语。如：The question is settled. (系表结构) 。Such questions are settled by us. (被动语态) 。The job was well done. (系表结构) 。The job was well done by a skilled worker. (被动语态)

2.2 许多verbs(broken，interested，shut，worried)，既可以用做adj.也可以在被动语态结构中做过去分词。句中如果有by，通常是被动语态。 如：I was worried abeutyou all night. (表状态) 。I was worried by mosquitoes all night. (表动作) 。The glass was broken by Jack. (表动作) 。The glass is broken. (表状态) 。I was frightened by his ghost story. She was frightened at the sight of a snake.

3. 不同形式的被动语态

3.1 含有直宾和间宾的主动结构，变为被动时，可将其中一个宾语变为主语，另一个不动一般是主语结构的间接宾语变为被动的主语。如：He showed me his pictures. I was shown his pictures by him. His pictures were shown to me by him. He sent me a birthday present. I was sent a birthday present by him. A birthday present was sent to me by him.

3.2 含有复合宾语的主动句，宾补不变

3.2.1 将宾语变为主语，宾补不变。 如：They call her XiaoLi. She is called XiaoLi. He left the door open. The door war left open by him.

3.2.2 make，let，have，hear，watch，see，feel，notice. help既动词后变做宾补的不定式一般不加to，变为被动，必须加to . 如：My brother often made me do this and that when I was young. I was often made to do this and that by my brother when I young. I heard her move about in her room upstairs last night. She was heard to move about in her room uptairs last night.

3.3 情态动词的被动语态。是由情态V+be+p.p.构成 。如：They can not find him. He can not be found. You must pay me for this. I must be paid for this. He can repair your watch. Your watch can be repaired.

3.4 短语V的被动语态。一般来讲，只有及物V才有被动语态，因为只有vt才能有动作的承受者； 但有许多由不及物动词+介词及其他词类构成的短语动词，相当与及物动词，可以有宾语。因而可以有被动语态，但应注意短语V是一个不可分割的整体。变被动时，不可丢掉构成短语的prep或adv.这样的短语有：look after，listen to，look at，pay attention to，take care of，look forward to，make ues of，etc. 如：They had put out the fire before the fire——brigade arrived. The fire had been put out before the fire-brigade arrived. They will set up a new public school here. A new public school will be set up here.

3.5 有些动词用主动形式表被动含义。如：The goods sells well. The door can't open.

3.6 有些词如want，need，require和 be worth后面，v-ing形式为主动，意义为被动。如：The room needs/wants/requires cleaning. The book is worth reading.

3.7 主动语态中的宾语是从句，变成被动时使用形式替代词it。如：We know that Britain is an island country. It's known that Britain is an island country.

3.8 宾语为反身代词，相互代词及虚词it时，不用被动，只用主动。如：I will do it myself.

The man introduced himself as Mr. Wang.

3.9 谓语动词是以下时，无被动。 happen，belong to，suit，fit(适合)，have，let，join，fall，last(延长)，cost(花费) break out(爆发)appear，burst out(迸发)，hold(容纳)，lack(缺乏)，agree with(同意).

3.10 英语里形似主动但表被动意义

3.10.1 感官动词：sound，taste，smell，fell，look，seem等主语是物时；如：The flowers smell sweet.

3.10.2 一些vi主动形式表被动含义open，close，shut，read，write，translate，wash，clean，lock，sell，wear，cut，cook，eat，weigh，drink，pay，draw，etc.

3.10.3 不定式to blame，to let(出租)作表语时，主动形式表被动含义。

3.10.4 表(sth)需要的need ，want，require等后的动名词用主动形式表被动含义。

3.10 5be worth后的动名词主动形式表被动含义。

收稿日期：2009-03-11