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新目标七年级(上) Units9—12词语辨析

2008-12-08

中学英语之友·上 2008年11期
关键词:肯定句否定句及物动词

1. and, but, or

and, but与or都是并列连词,通常连接两个单词、词组或分句。and意为“和;又;而且”,表示并列、承接或递进等关系。and连接两个或两个以上的人或物,作主语时,其谓语动词要用复数形式。在“祈使句+and+简单句”句型中,祈使句相当于一个肯定条件句,and之后的简单句表示结果。but意为“而;却;但是”,表示否定或转折关系。or表示选择关系,意为“或;或者”,通常用于疑问句或否定句中。or用在“祈使句+or+简单句”句型中,意思是“否则,要不然”。or连接的短语作主语时,其谓语动词的数由最靠近它的那个名词或代词来决定。在否定句中,并列成分的列举常用or构成完全否定,意为“也不”。如:

The girl is clever and lovely. 这个女孩既聪明又可爱。

The little boy can read and write. 这个小男孩能读会写。

Tom and Jack are going to the cinema. 汤姆和杰克要去看电影。

Use your head, and youll find a way.=If you use your head, youll find a way. 动动脑筋,你就会想出办法来。

The things in this shop are cheap but nice.

这家商店的东西物美价廉。

I dont like this one but that one. 我不喜欢这个,我喜欢那个。

Mary likes milk, but she doesnt like juice.

玛丽喜欢牛奶,但她不喜欢果汁。

Which do you prefer, sweet or salty? 你喜欢哪一种,甜的还是咸的?

Professor Wang or I am going to your school.

王教授或是我要去你们学校。

He has no brothers or sisters. 他没有兄弟姐妹。

Hurry up, or youll be late. 快点,不然你会迟到的。

2. fun, funny

fun既可用作不可数名词,意为“快乐,乐趣”,也指“有趣(开心)的事情”,又可用作形容词,意为“有趣的,可笑的,好玩的,令人愉快的”,一般只作定语修饰名词,多用于口语中。funny作形容词,意为“滑稽的,有趣的,好玩的”,在句中既可位于系动词之后作表语,也可位于名词之前作定语。如:

We had great fun at the party last Saturday.

上星期六我们在聚会中玩得很愉快。

Dancing is fun. 跳舞是一大乐趣。

Tom has a fun hat. 汤姆有一顶有趣的帽子。

This TV play is very funny. 这部电视剧很有趣。

My grandfather told me a funny story yesterday.

昨天我爷爷给我讲了一个滑稽的故事。

3. at, in, on

at, in, on这三个介词都可用来表示时间,但所使用的范围不同。at用来表达一天之内的某个具体时间,常用在表示钟点的时间词之前,或在固定搭配中。on用来表达具体的某一天(星期几或几月几日)或某一天(星期几或几月几日)的上午、下午、晚上。in可用来表示在某个时段,即“在某年、某月、某季节、某世纪”等。in还可用来泛指“在白天、早晨、上午、下午、晚上”,如in the day, in the morning/afternoon/evening。如:

I get up at six oclock in the morning every day.

我每天早上六点起床。

I dont like going out at night. 我不喜欢晚上出去。

We have no classes on Saturday and Sunday.

在周六、周日我们不上课。

He was born on June 2nd, 1985. 他出生于1985年6月2日。

We usually have a class meeting on Monday afternoon.

我们通常在星期一下午开班会。

It is very cold in winter in the north. 北方的冬天很冷。

It often rains in the south in May. 南方5月份经常下雨。

Hong Kong came home in 1997. 香港于1997年回归。

4. also, too, either

这三个词都可表示“也”的意思。also常放在句中,位于助动词、系动词之后,行为动词之前,一般用于肯定句和疑问句中。too一般用于肯定句和疑问句中,放在句末且其前常用逗号与前句隔开。too有时可以紧跟在主语后面,但其前后都用逗号与句子隔开。另外,在简略答语里too常用于宾格代词之后。either用于否定句中,一般放在句末。肯定句变否定句时,其中的also和too都要变成either。如:

He also works in that factory. 他也在那家工厂工作。

I can also tell you a story. 我也能给你讲个故事。

She is a teacher, too.=She, too, is a teacher. 她也是个教师。

Would you like to come, too? 你也来好吗?

——I want to eat an apple. 我想吃个苹果。

——Me too. 我也想吃。

I dont watch TV, either. 我也没看电视。

I think Mary wont go, either. 我想玛丽也不会去。

5. in, with

这两个介词都表示某人如何做某事。

in表示①使用某种语言。②用某种方式。③用墨水、颜色、颜料等原料或材料,且名词前不加冠词。如:

Can you sing the song in English? 你会用英语唱这首歌吗?

They talked in a low voice.他们低声谈话。

You should write your homework in ink, not with a pencil.

你应该用钢笔做作业,而不能用铅笔。

with表示使用有形的工具、物品或器官去做某事,with后的名词一般应加冠词或物主代词。如:

He often writes to his pen pal with my pen.

他经常用我的钢笔给他的笔友写信。

The baby likes to eat with a spoon.这个小孩子喜欢用勺子吃饭。

另外with还表示“和……一起”。in无此用法。如:

He likes staying with a friend. 他喜欢和朋友在一起。

[跟踪训练]

1.Dont talk ____ your friend.

2.May I write it ____ a pencil?

3.Dont write it ____ red ink.

Keys:1.with 2.with 3.in

6. a few, a little, few, little

few和a few用于修饰可数名词。few具有否定意味,表示“很少”或“几乎没有”;而a few具有肯定的意味,表示“一些”,“有一些”。little和a little用于修饰不可数名词。little具有否定意味,表示“很少”或“几乎没有”;而alittle具有肯定的意味,表示“一些”,“有一点”。a little还常用来修饰形容词、副词及其比较级,也可以修饰动词。如:

Im going to buy a few bananas. 我打算去买点香蕉。

This cup has a little milk in it. 这杯子里面有点牛奶。

I have a few friends in Beijing. 我在北京有一些朋友。

My brother knows a little English. 我哥哥懂一点英语。

The problem is very difficult. Few students understand it.

这个问题很难,没有几个学生能懂。

Hurry up!We have little time left. 赶快,我们快没有时间了。

There was a lot of food on the table but I ate little.

桌子上有很多食物,但是我几乎一点儿没吃。

School ended a little earlier than usual today.

今天放学比平常早了一点儿。

I am a little tired. 我有点儿累。

7. say, speak, talk, tell

say一般用作及物动词,着重于说话的内容,其宾语可以是名词、代词或直接引语、间接引语等。speak这个词着重说动作,不强调所说的内容。作及物动词用时,常以某种语言为宾语。作不及物动词用时,通常指说话的能力,还可作“演讲,发言”解。常用搭配有:speak of sth./sb. (谈到某事/某人);speak to sb. (跟某人讲话)。talk意思是“交谈,谈话”,一般用作不及物动词,常用搭配有:talk with sb. 和某人谈话,talk about sth./sb.谈到(谈论)某事/某人,talk of…谈到……,talk to sb.跟某人谈话等。tell为及物动词,意思是“讲述,告诉”,其后常跟双宾语(将某事告诉某人)。如:

The little boy can say his name. 这小男孩会说他的名字。

Please say it in English. 请用英语讲。

They say China is a large and beautiful country.

他们说中国是一个大而美丽的国家。

She says, “Dont draw on the wall.” 她说:“别在墙上画。”

I dont speak Russian. I speak Chinese. 我不讲俄语,我讲汉语。

She is speaking to her teacher. 她正在跟她的老师讲话。

The baby cant speak yet. 这个婴儿还不会说话。

Some students spoke at the class meeting.

有几个学生在班会上发了言。

She is talking with John in English. 她正在和约翰用英语交谈。

What are you talking about? 你们在谈论什么?

The teacher is talking to him. 老师正在和他谈话。

She is telling the children a story. 她正在给孩子们讲故事。

8. paint, draw

paint是指“(用颜料)绘画”,画出来的应是彩色画。如:

The artist paints in water color. 这位画家用水彩绘画。

He often paints a landscape.他经常绘一幅风景画。

draw表示“画”,指不用颜料,而用钢笔、铅笔、粉笔、蜡笔等绘画或画素描画。如:

She drew a house with a pencil. 她用铅笔画了一座房子。

[跟踪训练]

1.She ____ well.

2.The boy often ____ a color tiger.

3.I can ____ a cat with my pen.

Keys:1.paints/draws 2.paints 3.draw

9. may, can表示猜测时

may表示不太确定的(把握性小)的猜测,“也许、可能”,多用于肯定句或否定的陈述句中,may后应接动词原形,无动词时应加be动词。如:

Today is sunny. It may be sunny tomorrow,too.

今天是晴天,明天可能也是晴天。

cant表示很有把握的否定猜测,“不可能”,后应接动词原形,无动词时应加be动词,放在否定句或疑问句中。如:

It is raining all day. It cant stop. 雨下了一整天,不可能停。

[跟踪训练]

1.——Can our teacher be at home now?

——No, he ____ be at home. I saw him at school just now.

2.——I cant find my watch.

——It ____ be in your pocket.

Keys:1.cant 2.may

10. take/in(on)

take 乘(车、船等),强调具体的动作或某一班次、某一路车等,结构为“take+限定词+交通工具”。如: take the subway 乘地铁,take the No. 1 bus乘一路公交车, take a taxi乘出租车。

We often take the number 10 bus to school.

我们经常乘10路车去上学。

in(on)+限定词+交通工具,表示具体的交通方式,作状语。限定词主要有:冠词a/an/the,指示代词this/that和物主代词my, your, his, her等,一般来说无厢、无舱的只用on,如:on the bike, 其他的既可用in,也可用on。如: on(in)the plane, 但in the car只能用in不能用on。还有一个特例,步行用on foot。如:

My father usually goes to work in his car. 爸爸通常开车去上班。

She goes to school on foot every day. 她每天步行去上学。

[跟踪训练]

1.We often ____ a bus to work.

2.He often goes to school ____ his bike.

3.His family is rich, so he goes to school ____ his car every day.

4.Theyre going to ____ a train to the capital.

Keys:1.take 2.on 3.in 4.take

11. what time, when

what time与when都可以表示“什么时候”,前者所表示的时间比较精确,指“几点钟”、“几点几分”;后者所表示的时间范围较广,有时也可指“几点钟”,“几时几分”,用来代替what time。另外,what time还可用作名词,作主语或介词宾语等。如:

——What time do the Greens have breakfast?

格林家什么时候吃早饭?

——What time/When does your mother go to work?

你母亲什么时候去上班?

——She goes to work at seven. 她七点去上班。

——When will he come back? 他什么时候回来?

——Hell come back tomorrow. 他将明天回来。

——What time is it now? 现在几点钟?

——Its ten. 现在十点。

——At what time do you go to school? 你在几点钟去上学?

——I go to school at seven. 我七点钟上学。

12. strict, be strict with, be strict in

strict为形容词,意思是“严格的,严厉的”,常在句中作表语或定语。be strict with sb.意思是“对某人要求严格”;be strict in sth.意思是“对某事要求严格”。如:

My parents are very strict. 我的父母很严厉。

We have strict rules at school. 我们学校有严格的规定。

Its good to be strict with children. 对孩子们要求严格是好事。

Our headmaster is strict in everything.

我们校长对每件事都要求严格。

13. interesting, interested, interest

interesting为形容词,“有趣的、令人产生兴趣的”,指事物或人本身能引起人的兴趣。常用事物作主语。如:

There is an interesting program on TV tonight.

今天晚上有一个有趣的电视节目。

This book is interesting. 这本书很有趣。

interested,形容词,“对……感兴趣,对……表现出兴趣”,指某人对某事物感兴趣,常是人作主语。常用词组:be/get/become interested in。如:

Are you interested in history? 你对历史感兴趣吗?

I am interested to hear your story.我很想听你讲故事。

interest作名词,“兴趣、爱好”,作动词“使……产生兴趣”。如:

This book has no interest for me. 我对这本书不感兴趣。

He interested me in politics. 他使我对政治发生兴趣。

(前句interest为名词,后句为动词。)

[跟踪训练]

1.The game is ____ and they are ____ in it.

2.I am ____ in the ____ film.

3.He has no ____ in this kind of book.

4.She bought an ____ story book.

Keys:1.interesting, interested 2.interested, interesting 3.interest 4.interesting

14. because, because of

because是从属连词“因为”,它引导的是原因状语从句,从句是全句的重心,从句的位置可前可后。如:

I do it because I like it. 我做这件事是因为我喜欢。

He is absent because he is ill. 他因病缺席。

because of,“因为”,是介词短语,后接名词/代词/动名词。如:

He is absent because of illness.他因病而缺席。

I didnt go out because of rain. 因为下雨, 所以我没有出去。

[跟踪训练]

1.____ his bad leg, he couldnt walk any more.

2.She stayed home ____ she had a cold.

=She stayed home ____ her cold.

3.I like Lily ____ she is kind.

Keys:1.Because of 2.because, because of 3.because

15. Mr.,Miss, Mrs., Ms., sir

Mr./Mister“先生”通用于男子的姓氏前。如:

Mr. Smith is our teacher. 史密斯先生是我们的老师。

Miss(小姐、女士)一般是对未婚女子的称呼,与姓氏连用。如:

Miss BrownisourEnglishteacher. 布朗小姐是我们的英语老师。

Good morning, Miss Chen. 早上好,陈小姐。

Mrs(夫人、太太)也可写成Mrs.,是对已婚女性的称呼,常与丈夫姓氏连用。如:

Mrs. Smith lives in Paris. 史密斯太太住在巴黎。

Ms. (小姐、女士)用在婚姻状况不明的女子姓名前。西方女性一般不愿意让别人知道自己的婚姻状况如何,因而称呼她们Ms.,她们会很高兴。如:

Ms. Brown is active in the party. 布朗女士在晚会上很活跃。

sir(先生)是对上级和长辈的尊称,或商业信件中对男子的称呼,一般不与姓名连用,其对应词是 madam(太太、夫人)。如:

Im sorry, sir, the telephone line is busy. 对不起,先生,电话占线。

[跟踪训练]

1.Thank you, ____.

2.Helen Green is Jeff Greens wife, so we callHelen Green for ____ Green Jeff Green for ____ Green.

3.____ Green is pretty(漂亮). So some boys love her.

4.The word ____ doesnt tell us whether(是否) a woman is married(结婚) or not.

Keys:1.madam/sir 2.Mrs, Mr. 3.Miss 4.Ms.

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