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新目标七年级(上)Units5—6词语辨析

2008-10-18

中学英语之友·上 2008年9期
关键词:修饰语动名词复数

1.have, have got

英美说“有”句法不同。如:

Have you any sisters?(英)

Have you got any sisters?(英,口语)

Do you have any sisters?(美)

但指“经常性、反复进行”时,只能用have。如:

Ive got a toothache. 我牙疼。(一时性)

I often have a toothache. 我经常牙疼。(经常性)

have与由动词转化的名词组成短语时,不能用have got代替,只能用have。如:have a dance, have a dream, have a drink, have a fight, have a joke, have a look, have a rest, have a swim。

一些习惯用语和句型中的have不能用have got代替。如:

have a bath, have a holiday, have a lesson, have breakfast/lunch/supper以及have a talk with…, have a word with…等。

2.have, there be

(1)have表“所属”关系的“有”;there be指某处“有”。如:

The man has a brother in Beijing. 此人有个弟弟在北京。

There are many books on the desk. 桌子上有很多书。

The desk has four legs. 书桌有四条腿。

There are many people in the room. 房间里有很多人。

(2)在have含“所有”的意义较弱的情况下,可与there be互换。如:

We have much rain this year.=There is much rain this year.

今年下了不少雨。

There is a map on the wall.=We have a map on the wall.

墙上有张地图。

The wall has a hole in it.=Theres a hole in the wall. 墙上有个洞。

A year has 365 days.=There are 365 days in a year. 一年有365天

3.good, well

good是形容词,用作表语和定语; 它表示戏剧、电影、书籍等某种东西的内容好;表示人品好、人的善良和对其他人的和睦、亲切。如:

I have a good book. 我有一本好书。

What a good play it is!多好的一部戏呀!

She is a good student. 她是个好学生。

Its very good of you to help me. 你来帮助我太好了。

well是形容词和副词。作形容词时只作表语,指处于满意的状态或指身体健康状况良好。如:

All is well with us. 我们一切都很顺利。

I think he will get well. 我想他会好的。

I am quite well today. 我今天身体很好。

well作副词,修饰动词。如:

Kate doesnt sing well, but she dances well.

凯特唱歌唱得不好,但她跳舞跳得很好。

4.class, lesson

class表示“(一节课两节课的)课”,指以四十(五十……)分钟为单位的课堂教学活动,也可指“(学校的)班级”或“全体学生”。如:

They have no classes on Sundays. 他们星期天不上课。

Class Four is a big class. 四班是一个大班。

lesson的意思是“课文”、“功课”或“(一节课两节课的)课”,着重指教学内容而言。作“课”解时可和class换用。如:

We have two English lessons/classes every day.

我们每天上两节英语课。

He has no lessons/classes on Sundays. 他星期天不上课。

She gives lessons in English. 她用英语讲课!

Please read Lesson Five. 请读第五课。

This book has 15 lessons. 这本书有十五课。

He often helps me with my lessons. 他常帮助我做功课。

注意:作“功课”解时,要用复数。

5.interesting, interested

interesting是“令人感兴趣的”之意,表示事物本身能使人产生兴趣。如:

The book is very interesting. 这本书很有趣。

Its an interesting story. 这是很有趣的故事。

interested常表示某人对某事物感兴趣,多用be interested in sth.句型。如:

She is interested in the story. 她对这个故事很感兴趣。

说明:源于同一动词的现在分词和过去分词被用作形容词时,一般都有这种区别,现在分词作形容词用时,表示事物本身具有“令人……”“使人……”之意,过去分词作形容词用时,表示主语对某事“感到……”。常见的还有exciting, excited; bored, boring; moving, moved等。修饰interesting用very,修饰interested用much, very much和very均可。

6.it, one

it所代替的是前面提到过的同一事物,而one所代替的是同类事物中的“一个”。如:

I need a bike but I have no money to buy one. 我需要一辆自行车,可没钱买。(one指的是任何一辆自行车,此处不能用it去代替,注意bike前用不定冠词a。)

I need the bike but I have no money to buy it. 我需要这辆自行车,可没钱买。(it特指上文的the bike,而不是别的自行车,此句中的it不能用one去代替,注意bike前用定冠词the。)

one只能代替可数名词,其复数形式是ones,而it既可以代替可数名词,也可以代替不可数名词。如:

This story is a true one. 这个故事是真实的。(句中的one代替可数名词story。)

The white dresses go with the hat better than the blue ones.

白色套装比蓝色套装更配这顶帽子。

(句中的ones代替上文的dresses。)

Look, there is a book on the floor. Please pick it up.

你瞧,地板上有一本书,请把它捡起来。

(句中的it代替上文的可数名词a book。)

May I borrow some money? I will give it back to you next week.

我可以借一些钱吗?下周我会把钱还给你。

(句中的it代替上文的不可数名词money。)

it通常不加修饰语,而one可以加上不同的修饰语。如:

This shirt is too big. Can you show me a smaller one?

这件衬衣太大了。能给我拿小一点的衬衣看一看吗?

7.like, love, enjoy

like意为“喜欢”、“爱好”。是普通用语,指对某人某事赞许或发生兴趣,并积极参加活动,不带感情色彩,语气较弱而冷静,后接名词、代词、动名词或不定式作宾语。如:

We all like English. (名词作宾语)我们都喜欢英语。

I like doing morning exercises every day.(动名词作宾语)

我喜欢每天做早操。

I like to play sports every day. (不定式作宾语)我喜欢每天运动。

love意为“爱好”、“爱”,在情感上比like强烈,表示深深的爱。如:

We love our country. 我们热爱祖国。

I love my parents. They love me, too. 我爱我的父母,他们也爱我。

love作“喜欢”讲时,可以接动名词或动词不定式作宾语。如:

I love to bike. 我喜欢骑自行车。

My brother loves playing/to play basketball. 我弟弟喜欢打篮球。

enjoy意为“喜爱”、“欣赏”、“享受”。指对某样东西或者某件事感觉愉快。广泛应用于从外界事物中得到喜悦,领略到乐趣。后接名词、代词等作宾语。不能接动词不定式。如:

We all enjoy the film very much. 我们都很欣赏那部电影。

I enjoy reading books. 我爱读书。

8.no, not

在否定可数名词单数时,no=not a;在否定可数名词复数或否定不可数名词时,no=not any。如:

I have no friend.=I dont have a friend. 我没有朋友。

There are no books on the table.=There are not any books on the table. 桌子上没有书。

There is no water in the cup.=There isnt any water in the cup.

茶杯里没有水。

no, not a, not any所表示的意义几乎一样,但它们在语气和意味上还存在着细微的差异,如:“我没有书”这句话,通常有以下几种译法:

I have no book.(泛泛而谈)

I dont have a book.(语气强,一个也没有)

I have no books.(泛泛而谈)

I dont have any books.(口语)

I havent got any books.(口语)

说明:no不能用于a, the, all, every等限制词之前,而not却可以。

9.health, healthy

health是名词,常用于“be in good (poor) health”“很(不)健康”短语。healthy是形容词,意思是“健康的,健壮的”。如:

Fresh air and exercise are good for health.

新鲜空气和运动有益于健康。

He was then in poor health. 当时他身体不好。

The children look very healthy. 孩子们看起来很健康。

10.dinner, meal

dinner意为“正餐”,指一天吃得比较好的或丰盛的一顿饭,一般在中午或晚上吃。如:

What time do you have dinner? 你们几点钟吃正餐?

She didnt invite him to have dinner with them.

她没有邀请他和她们一起吃饭。

这时的dinner用作抽象名词,一般不带冠词,但如果其前有修饰语时,往往要带不定冠词。如:

Dont call him while he is at dinner. 他吃饭时不要给他打电话。

We ate a good dinner. 我们吃了一顿美餐。

dinner还可作“宴会”解,这时用作可数名词。

They gave a dinner at the New World Hotel.

他们在新世界饭店举行了宴会。

meal意为“饭,便饭”,是一日三餐(包括breakfast, lunch, supper)的通称,用作可数名词,而breakfast, lunch, supper同dinner一样是不可数名词。如果其前面有修饰语时则要加不定冠词。如:

We have three meals a day. 我们一天吃三顿饭。

What would you like for breakfast? 早餐您喜欢吃点什么?

Have a good lunch. 吃一顿丰盛的午餐。

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