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新目标九年级Units3—4重难点解析

2008-09-03刘世一

中学英语之友·下(综合版) 2008年8期
关键词:及物动词代词介词

刘世一

1.I dont think sixteen-year-olds should be allowed to drive.

我认为不应当允许16岁的青少年开车。

本句属于否定转移句型。英语中,当think, believe, suppose, consider等动词表示“认为”、“相信”、“设想”等含义时,常将本应该出现在宾语从句中的否定词转移到带有这些动词的主句中,从而对主句的谓语动词加以否定,但在意义上仍是否定从句。例如:

I dont think that their team is likely to win the match.

我认为他们的球队不可能赢那场球赛。

I dont believe that it will rain tomorrow. 我相信明天不会下雨。

Dont you suppose they can make it before dark?

你认为天黑前他们不能到达目的地吗?

值得注意的是,这类句子在反意疑问句中,附加问句要用肯定形式,人称和动词形式要与从句的保持一致。例如:

I dont think youve met Xiao Wang, have you?

我想你没碰见过小王,对吗?

We dont think you can speak French, can you?

我们认为你不能说法语,是不是?

当think后的从句中含有no, never, nothing, nobody等否定词时,就不要再采用否定转移。例如:

I think nothing is too difficult if you put your heart into it.

我认为只要你用心,并没有什么很困难的事。

2.Anna wants to get her ears pierced. 安娜想穿耳孔。

get my ears pierced 属于get sth. done句型,这里的sth.通常由表示物件的名词或代词担任,用来表示你要求别人为你做某事的各种场合。同义句型have sth. done。例如:

I must get my hair cut.

我该去理发了。

You ought to get your watch repaired. 你该把表送去修理了。

Mr. Green wants to have his washing machine repaired.

格林先生想请人修理洗衣机。

3.He should stop wearing that silly earring.

他不应该戴那个可笑的耳环。

句中stop doing sth是“停止正在做的事情”的意思。其中stop是及物动词,v.-ing形式是“停止”的对象。stop后也可以接动词不定式,但意思却是“停下来去做某事”,也就是说,停下(原来做的事)去做另一件事情。其中stop是不及物动词,后面的不定式作目的状语。试比较:

She stopped singing. 她停止了唱歌。(她不唱了)

She stopped to sing. 她停下来去唱歌。(她将要唱歌)

Stop talking, please.

请不要说话。

Lets stop to have a rest.

咱们停下来休息一下。

4.He doesnt seem to have many friends. 他似乎没有多少朋友。

本句为sb. seem to do sth.句型,该句型通常可与It seems that…句型转换。例如:

He seems to know everything.

=It seems that he knows everything. 他好像什么都知道。

He seems to have a lot of money.

=It seems that he has a lot of money. 他好像有很多钱。

5.They talk instead of doing homework. 他们光说话而不做功课。

instead of “代替”、“而不”,后面接名词、代词或动词-ing 形式。例如:

He will go instead of me.

他将代替我去。

She went to school instead of staying at home.

她没有呆在家里而是上学去了。

instead of可用来连接两个对等的语法成分,也就是说,它后面可以接形容词、副词或介词短语等。例如:

You should be out instead of (sitting) in.

你应该出去走走,不要坐在家里。

The situation is better instead of worse.

形势是更好了,而不是更坏了。

They went there on foot instead of by bus.

他们没有乘公共汽车而是步行到那里去的。

Well have tea in the garden instead of in the house.

我们将改在花园喝茶,而不在屋里喝。

6.——We have a lot of rules at my house.

在家里我们有许多限制。

——So do we. 我们也有。

本句是“So+动词+主语”句型。这一句型译为“某人(物)也如此”,指上一句所说的情况,同样也适合另一个人或事物。要注意的是:(1)该句型中的“动词”是指系动词、助动词或情态动词;(2)动词在时态上与前句呼应;(3)动词在数上要与本句主语保持一致。例如:

——Ive got a new car.

我有一辆新车。

——So has John. 约翰也有。

A: What do people eat in England? 英国人吃什么?

B: They eat a lot of potatoes.

他们吃许多土豆。

A: So do we. 我们也是。

注意区别“So+主语+动词”结构。该结构意为“确实如此”、“的确这样”,是用于对上一句所说的情况进一步加以肯定。该结构的主语与上一句的主语指同一人或物,动词的使用上也要注意“So+动词+主语”句型中的三点要求。例如:

——John smokes a lot.

约翰抽烟太厉害了。

——So he does.(=He smokes a lot indeed.)的确如此。

A: I cant find my geography book. 我找不到地理书了。

B: It may be in that bag.

它也许在那个包里。

A: Ah, so it is. 噢,是在那儿。

7.But sometimes Im allowed to study at a friends house.

但有的时候我被允许在朋友家学习。

当谓语动词带有不定式(短语)作宾语补足语的句子变为被动语态时,原宾语变为被动语态的主语,而原来作宾语补足语的不定式(短语)就成为主语补足语。本句中的to study at a friends house就是主语补足语。再如:

Someone asked me to help them with their task.

有人让我去帮助他们做那项工作。

→I was asked to help them with their task.

值得注意的是,当宾语补足语是省去to的不定式(短语)时,句子变为被动后,作主语补足语的不定式(短语)要加上原来省去的to。常见的动词有make, hear, see, watch等。例如:

I often heard Danny play the guitar in his bedroom.

我经常听到丹尼在卧室里弹吉他。

→Danny was often heard to play the guitar in his bedroom.

8.Its also probably a good idea for parents to allow teenagers to study in groups during the evening.

父母允许青少年在晚上一起学习也可能是个好主意。

本句是“It be+名词+to do sth.”句型。it为形式主语,代替真正的主语动词不定式短语,以避免因主语太长而引起的“头重脚轻”现象。例如:

It is our duty to help the old and weak.

帮助年老体弱者是我们的责任。

It was not his habit to ask people for things.

向别人开口要东西不是他的习惯。

在这个句型中,当动词不定式的逻辑主语需要表示出来时,通常在不定式前加for sb.,如果是代词,要用宾格形式。例如:

It was a pity for Danny not to go there with us that day.

很遗憾,丹尼那天没有和我们一起去那儿。

It is hard work for them to keep the grass green at this time of year.

在一年的这个时候要他们保持草坪绿油油的实属不易。

9.Some students should be allowed to have Friday afternoons off to volunteer and help others.

应当允许部分学生星期五下午放假,去做义工帮助他人。

have Friday afternoon off为have…off句型,意为“放……假”,其中的have可以用take替换,off表示“不上班、不值班、不工作”的意思。例如:

Ive got three days off next week. 下星期我有三天假。

The manager gave the staff the day off. 经理放员工一天假。

Unit 4

10.What if everyone else brings a present?

要是还有别的人带来了礼物,该怎么办呢?

句中的what if表示“要是……,又怎么样”的意思,相当于what would happen if…的省略形式。例如:

What if we should fail?

倘若我们失败了怎么办?

What if they didnt come here on time?

要是他们不能按时到达怎么办呢?

What if it rains when we cant get under shelter?

假若下起雨来,我们又没处避雨可怎么办?

11.I get nervous before big parties and then I get pimples.

在大型晚会前我特别紧张,然后(身上)长出小浓疱。

句中两个get的用法和表示的意思有所不同。动词get既可作行为动词,也可作系动词。本句中的第一个get是系动词,意为“变得”,后接形容词作表语;第二个get则是行为动词,可以是及物动词,也可以是不及物动词,在不同的语境中意思不同。在本句中是及物动词,表示“长出”的意思。试比较:

The boy is getting taller and taller after he gets that kind of medicine. 那个男孩吃了这种药后,个子越长越高。

句中第一个get是连系动词,表示“变得”,第二个get是行为动词,表示“吃”。再如:

Did you get my telegram?

你收到我的电报了吗?

I must get some fruit in the market. 我得在市场上买点水果。

This skirt is getting dirty; it needs washing.

这件短裙脏了,该洗一洗了。

12.Then Im too tired to do well. 因而我太累了以致做不好。

本句为too…to…句型,表示“太……以致不”的意思。例如:

He is too young to go to school. 他年龄太小,不能上学。

He went too late to see the teacher. 他去得太迟以致没有看见老师。

这一句型应注意以下几点:

(1)当句中的主语与不定式有逻辑动宾关系时,不定式后不能接宾语。例如:

Tom spoke too quickly for us to understand.

汤姆讲得太快了,我们听不懂。

(2)当句中的主语与不定式有逻辑动宾关系,而不定式又是不及物动词时,要加相应的介词。例如:

The ice is too thin for you to skate on. 这冰太薄了,经不起你在上面滑冰。

(3)当不定式的逻辑主语需要表示出来时,用介词for加表示人的名词或代词的宾格。例如:

The apple is too high for Danny to reach.

那苹果太高了,丹尼够不着。

The text is too difficult for me to understand.

这篇课文对我来说太难了。

(4)中考对这一知识点的考查常以句型转换形式出现,如与so…that…结构转换。在解题过程中特别要注意(1)提到的语法现象。例如:

The little boy walked so fast that his parents couldnt catch up with him.

→The little boy walked too fast for his parents to catch up with.

这个小男孩走得太快了,他父母跟不上。

13.I really want a dog, but my parents wont let me have one.

我真想要一条狗,可父母不让。

动词let表示“让”后接动词不定式作宾语补足语时,不定式符号to通常省去。let的同义词allow也可接动词不定式作宾补,但是不定式符号to却不可省去。试比较:

Let each man decide for himself. 让每个人自己决定。

My mother wouldnt let me go to the film.

我妈妈不会让我去看电影的。

Allow me to introduce Mary.

请允许我介绍一下玛丽。

This money allows me to buy a car. 这笔钱可使我买一部小汽车。

14.Id wait for her to introduce herself to me.

我要等她来向我做自我介绍。

(1)句中wait for her to introduce是词组wait for sb./sth.的延伸。wait for sb./sth.意为“等待某人或某事”,而wait for sb. to do sth.是“等待某人做某事”的意思。例如:

Danny, there is someone waiting for you outside.

丹尼,外面有人在等你。

Could you please wait for a moment? 可以等一会吗?

The family are waiting for you to have dinner.

家人们正在等着你吃饭呢。

They are waiting for the chairman to come.

他们正在等待主席的到来。

(2)introduce herself to me是introduce sb. to sb.结构,意为“向某人介绍某人”表示“自我介绍”为introduce oneself to sb.。例如:

May I introduce Mr. Wang to you? 我可以把王先生介绍给你吗?

Let me introduce myself to you. 让我给你做个自我介绍吧。

15.Social situations dont bother you in the slightest.

社会活动一点儿也不会影响你。

句中not…in the slightest意为“一点也不”、“根本不”,其同义表达形式是not…at all。例如:

You are not wrong in the slightest/at all. 你一点儿也没有错。

She doesnt like eggs in the slightest/at all. 她根本不喜欢吃鸡蛋。

There is nothing in the room at all. 房间里面根本没什么东西。

16.Your friends would probably say that you are easy to get along with. 你的朋友们也许会说你很容易相处。

you are easy to get along with是动词不定式作状语修饰表语形容词句型,在这类句型中通常有两种情况:一是不定式为“动词+介词”这类短语动词,且该句子的主语与不定式在意义上是动宾关系;另一种情况是,不定式为及物动词或者不及物动词,该句子的主语与不定式在意义上是动状关系,表示不定式动作的地点、工具等;这两种情况都需要在不定式后保留或加适当的介词。本句属于第一种情况。再如:

This problem is difficult to deal with. 这个问题不好解决。

The lake is safe to swim in.

在这个湖里游泳是安全的。

No table is long enough for us to play table tennis on.

没有什么桌子长得够我们在上面打乒乓球。

17.You have plenty of friends, and you enjoy the company of other people. 你有很多朋友,你也喜欢和别人交往。

句中plenty of是“许多”的意思,与a lot of, much, many同义,但用法上有所不同。

(1)plenty of, a lot of后可接可数名词或不可数名词,而much只可修饰不可数名词,many只可修饰可数名词。试比较:

There are plenty/a lot of books on the desk. 桌上有许多书。

Dont worry. There is plenty/a lot of time. 别着急,时间很充裕。

You dont have many apples.

你没有许多苹果。

There isnt much rice in the bowl. 碗里没有多少米饭。

(2)plenty of, a lot of 通常用于肯定句中;否定句及疑问句中通常用many, much或enough。

There is not much time.

没有足够的时间。

Is there enough time?

有足够的时间吗?

She has a lot of books, but she has not many bookshelves.

她有许多书,但没有多少书架。

18.You would also rather stay at home and read a good book than go to a party. 你也愿意呆在家,读本好书,而不愿意参加聚会。

本句为would rather…than…句型,意为“宁愿……而不愿”,rather与than的后面都是接动词原形。例如:

They would rather watch TV than go out to play soccer.

他们宁愿看电视也不愿意出去踢球。

这一句型与prefer…rather than…意思相近,两者的用法如下:

(1)would rather…than与prefer…rather than…的后半部分均接省去to的不定式。例如:

He would rather play than do homework. 他宁愿玩也不愿做作业。

She prefers to be in trouble rather than be taken care of by her parents. 她宁愿有麻烦也不愿让父母照顾她。

(2)prefer后能接名词或动名词作宾语,用动名词时,表示一个习惯性的动作。它也可与介词to搭配,表示“喜欢……而不喜欢”。would rather则不能接名词及动名词。例如:

I think I prefer beef rather than mutton.

我想我喜欢吃牛肉,而不愿意吃羊肉。

19.Everyone is sure she will win. 大家都认为她会获胜。

本句为be sure接从句的形式,意为“认为……一定会”,主语必须用表示人的名词或代词来充当。接that引导的从句时,连词that可以省略。be sure后面还可以接由whether或where, when, who等引导的名词性从句,这时主句通常为否定形式。例如:

I am sure (that) hell tell you a lot about China.

我相信他会告诉你许多有关中国的事情的。

Im not sure where I left my notebook.

我不能确定我把笔记本丢在什么地方了。

be sure还可构成be sure about/of和be sure to do句型,前者表示“确信对……有把握”,后接名词、代词或v-ing形式,表示对客观事物有肯定的认识和判断,主语必须是人。例如:

As David joined our team, we are sure of winning the game this time. 由于大卫参加了我们的球队,我们这次有把握取胜。

He was not too sure about the grammar.

他在语法方面没有很大把握。

而be sure to do意为“一定”,“肯定”,往往表示局外人的推测、评论、主语不一定是人。

Its sure to rain tomorrow.

明天一定会下雨。

You are sure to understand much more than before.

你一定比以前懂得更多了。

试比较下面两句:

He is sure to live to ninety.

他肯定可以活到九十岁。

He is sure of living to ninety.

他自信可以活到九十岁。

20.I cant think of any good advice to give her, but you always come up with good solutions to peoples problems. 我无法给她提供什么好的建议,可你总能帮别人想出解决问题的好方法。

句中think of意思是“想到”、“想出”,常指想到或想出某事、某个主意,come up with 表示“找到”、“想出”什么办法或主意,与think of意思相近。例如:

Cant you think of a better place for our holiday?

你难道想不出一个更好的度假地方?

How did you think of such a wonderful idea?

你是怎么想到了这么好的主意呢?

Suddenly she came up with an idea. 突然她想出了一个主意。

He couldnt come up with an appropriate answer just at the time.

那时他想不出一个合适的答案。

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