余　剑　吕斌文

一、 effect n. “效果；影响；作用；结果”

1. the effect of… “……的结果”

the harmful effects of smoking吸烟的害处

2. have an effect on “对……有影响”

The parents behaviour has an effect on their children.

父母的行为对孩子产生了影响。

3. have/achieve the desired effect “取得所期望的结果”

The plan failed to achieve the desired effect of diverting traffic from the city.该计划未能如期望的那样分流城里的车辆。

拓展：

1. put/bring sth. into effect “实施计划；落实想法”。如:

It wont be easy to put the changes into effect.

2. come into effect/take effect “（纪律/规则/制度）生效”

3. be of no effect “无效”

4. in effect “实际上；事实上”

5. effective adj. “产生预期效果的；有效的；引人注意的；醒目的；生效的”。如：an effective use of colour “引人注目的颜色使用”。

The ads were simple, but remarkably effective.

这些广告很简单，但效果出奇的好。

effectively adv. “有效地，实际上；事实上”。如：

Effectively, it has become impossible for us to help.

事实上，我们已不可能帮忙了。

二、 cause

基本词义用法：

1.用作名词

(1)the cause of… “原因；起因”

What was the cause of the accident? 那场事故的起因是什么？

(2)“理由；根据；缘故”

cause for complaint/concern“抱怨/担心的理由”

(3)“事业；原则；目标”

Her lifelong devotion to the cause of womens rights received high praise from the public.

她对女权事业的毕生追求赢得了公众的高度赞扬。

3.用作动词

“导致；使发生；引起”。如：

Heavy traffic is causing long delays on the freeway.

拥挤的交通正造成高速公路上长时间的延误。

拓展：

1.cause sb./sth. to do sth. “使某人（某物）做……”

2.cause concern/embarrassment “使人感到担忧/难为情”

3.cause sb. trouble/problems/inconvenience “给（某人）惹麻烦/造成问题/带来不便”

辨析：

excuse/reason/cause

excuse主要强调为了避免受责备和推卸责任而找的借口，缘由；reason用来解释某种行为，现象和结果，使之听起来合理；cause指产生某种结果的直接原因，强调“没有这原因就没有这结果”。如：

Ive got no cause for complaint—Im doing all right.

我没有理由抱怨——我一切都好。

He didnt have a good excuse for his absence so he made up one.

他为无故缺席编了个理由。

The reason why she preferred to live in Shanghai was that she liked the climate there. 她愿意住在上海是因为喜欢那里的气候。

三、bring in/bring about/bring back/bring out/bring up/bring down

辨析：

bring in“盈利；赚钱；使某人参加；宣判”。如：

It all became very serious and police were brought in.

事态很严重，警察也被叫来了。

bring about“引起；导致；造成”。如：

Computers have brought about many changes to our lives.

电脑给我们的生活带来了很大的变化。

bring back “使恢复；使想起；使回忆起”。如：

The smell of popcorns brings back my memories of living in the countryside. 爆米花的香味使我想起在乡下生活的日子。

bring out“使……明显；显示出；使……得以发挥；推出；使更自信；使开朗”。如：

When he went to college it really brought him out.

上了大学后他的自信心增强了。