写法指导

议论文是用来论述某个道理，阐明某种观点的一种文体。对议论文的要求是：观点正确，论据充分，语言精练，论证合理，有严密的逻辑性。

议论文主要包括三个要素：论点、论据和论证方法。论点是指需要证实的问题；论证是指阐述道理以理服人；论据就是用于论证的具有说服力的事实和证据。写议论文的方法可归纳为：归纳法，推理法，对照法和驳论法等。

议论文中的记叙和描写是为论点提供根据的。因此，记叙应该是概括的，描写应该是简要的。

例文一： The Ways for Studying

The aim of students coming to school is to study. But to study requires a right way; otherwise you waste either time or money. The following are the ways of studying:

1. The best time for reading is morning， because in the morning the air is fresh and the thought is clean. We can therefore get good results.

2. In studying，we must have patience. If you have not known well a chapter，you must read it again. You shouldn't read the second chapter till you have realized the first one.

3. When you are studying， you must concentrate your mind on the book. You can not study only by mouth when you are absent of mind. Or you can get nothing from the book while you are reading.

4. You must always ask \"why\" if it is not well understood， write it down and ask your teacher or your parents or your brother or your friend. Anyhow you ought to realize it throughly， thus your knowledge can be improved.

Though there are many ways of studying，the above mentioned will be quite enough if you can practice them.

例文二：Smoking Is Harmful

Many Chinese men smoke. Out of excitement or anger， they smoke heavily. For most people， especially the females， the smell of smoking is terrible. What's more， smoking contributes to air pollution， harmful to nonsmokers as well as smokers. Cigarettes with nicotine in them can cause bronchitis， pneumonia and even cancer.

Smoking being equivalent to committing suicide， people should give it up in order to live longer. But I am sorry to say many people who know its danger quite well can not rid themselves of it.

佳作展示：I Paid Dearly for My Carelessness

I know I'm a very careless boy.What happened not long ago once more proved how careless I was.

Last week we had an examination in physics. I had studied this subject very hard and had made rapid progress， so I had every reason to expect a high score for the exam. After the exam， I thought I had done quite well， for all the questions seemed relatively easy to me. However，when the graded paper was returned to me， I could hardly believe my eyes， my score was only 91 (The full score was 120 ). What was the matter? When I checked the paper carefully， I was shocked to find that I had lost the whole score on the item of filling up blanks. I had simply left all the blanks unfilled because of care lessness. I wondered how it had been possible for me to have made such an unexcused mistake. Nevertheless， it was an undeniable fact in black and white!

I realized the reason why I had failed to achieve a higher score was my carelessness， which had let me down several times. It was no use trying to defend myself by saying that I could have done much better if I had been more careful. The only thing I should do is that I must get rid of this bad habit. I know it is difficult to break away from a bad habit. But just as the saying goes，\"Where there is a will， there is a way.\" Now I've made up my mind to break myself of this bad habit and I have perfect confidence in my self for I've paid dearly for it. And I know if I fail to do so， I'll never become a successful man.

译文

我为粗心大意付出了高昂代价

我知道自己是一个马大哈。不久前发生的一桩事再次证明了我有多么粗心。

上周我们进行了物理测验。这个学科我学得很努力，也取得了很大的进步，因而我有充分的理由期待考高分。考试完毕，我想所有问题对我来说似乎都比较容易，我感到考得相当好。然而，评分试卷发下来时，我简直不能相信自己的眼睛：我的成绩仅为91分(满分120)。这是怎么回事？我仔细查对试卷时惊奇地发现，那道填空题分全丢了。由于粗心，所有的空白都漏填了。我不知道我怎么可能出现这样不可原谅的错误。可是白纸黑字，这是毋庸置疑的事实。

我认识到了未获高分的原因——是粗心大意使得我希望落空。自己因为粗心大意而失败已经不止一次了。找借口说要是能细心就会做得好得多来为自己辩护是无济于事的。我应做的唯一事情是必须改掉坏习惯。……