AnInsightintoAgriculturefromthePerspectiveofHundred-yearHistoryoftheChineseCommunistParty

ZHUXinkai

AbstractThe Three Rural Issues,namely,agriculture,rural areas and farmers,have always been deeply involved in the glorious and bumpy history of the Chinese Communist Party (CPC).It reflects the objective law of China’s social development,which is worth investigation by agricultural and rural theorists and practitioners.Faced with reality,we are greatly enlightened by the 10 years of the Rural Work Department of the CPC Central Committee and the 40 years of the reform and opening up.The debate and practice of agricultural cooperation in the 1950s suggest that we should not be impractical and hasty working on agricultural and rural affairs,because the development of agriculture and rural areas is a slow variable.The history since the 1980s indicates that dealing with the Three Rural Issues,we need a ministry that is not only down-to-earth for decision-making and consultation but also at the top level in charge of overall management,which requires a large number of young people who are dedicated to the development of agriculture and rural areas.In the critical period of great changes unseen in a century,the majority of young people are supposed to know,love and devote themselves to the cause of “agriculture,rural areas and farmers”,making greater contributions to the revitalization of rural areas and the development of agriculture and rural areas in China.

KeywordsCPC history; Three Rural Issues; rural vitalization

HistoricalTransferfromPovertyAlleviationtoRuralRevitalization

——Interpretations from the Theoretical and Historical Perspective

HUANGChengwei

AbstractThe focus of the work concerning three rural issues,namely,agriculture,rural areas and farmers,has shifted from poverty alleviation to comprehensive rural revitalization.It is a decision made by our party based on the characteristics and requirements of new stage of rural development.It is of practical and theoretical significance to analyze the relevant issues about the transition from poverty alleviation to Rural Revitalization from theoretical perspective and historical view.This paper endeavors to interpret the theory,practice and historical logic of this transition from the perspectives of historical significance of poverty alleviation,characteristics of the era of rural revitalization,theoretical and practical logic of the two missions,theoretical construction and historical responsibility of rural revitalization and puts forward relevant suggestions,aiming to provide reference for consolidating the achievements of poverty alleviation and promoting the smooth transition to rural revitalization.

Keywordspoverty alleviation; rural vitalization; theoretical view; general outlook of history

TheTheoreticalLearningandEducationActivitiesoftheCPC’sInchoateOrganization

——An Investigation Centered on Members of Inchoate Party Organization in Wuhan

SONGJian,LIULiwei

AbstractThe Communist Party of China was born in theoretical learning and educational activities of Marxism.Learning,discussion and publicity of Marxist works were the major forms of the dissemination of Marxism in China during the May Fourth Movement period.Almost all of the inchoate organizations of the Communist Party of China were established on the basis of theoretical learning groups of Marxism.All the members of inchoate party organization in Wuhan,represented by Dong Biwu and Chen Tanqiu,were transformed into committed Marxists through the theoretical learning of Marxism.They also historically undertook the task of educating the working masses on Marxism,and promoting the integration of Marxism and the Chinese workers’ movement.It is an important feature of the founding history of the Party that the founding of the Communist Party of China were not directly driven by the workers’ movement but by the theoretical learning and education activites of Marxism led by advanced intellectuals.Attaching importance to the Marxist theoretical learning and educational of the whole Party has been a major tradition since the establishment of the Communist Party of China,and it has continued throughoutits century-old construction and development.

Keywordsthe Communist Party of China；inchoate organization of the Communist Party of China in Wuhan；theoretical learning；theoretical education

ResearchontheRoleandCapacityofGrass-RootsPartyOrganizationsinMajorEmergencies

HUOJunliang,WANGYongjie

AbstractThe Grass-roots Party Organizations are the foundation of all the work and fighting capacity of the Party and its ruling.It is a valuable experience for the Party and the state to make full use of the role of political guarantee,organization mobilization and vanguard role of the Grass-roots Party members in dealing with major emergencies.In the COVID-19 epidemic prevention and control work,the Grass-roots Party Organizations have been consciously taking full responsibility for leading the epidemic prevention and control,coordinating social resources,organizing the people and offering psychological guidance.There are new challenges to the COVID-19 epidemic prevention and control because of the changes in the Grass-roots Party Organizations themselves and the social environment,such as the weakening of the political functions of some Grass-roots Party Organizations,the diversification of governance subjects,the diversity of the interests of the people and the spread of information online.In the new era,the Grass-roots Party Organizations should take improving the ability to deal with major emergencies as an important goal,including political ability,governance ability,network application ability and ability working with the people and constantly reinforce their power in political leadership,social mobilization,mass organization and public opinion guidance in major emergencies.

KeywordsGrass-roots Party Organizations; major emergency; the COVID-19; role orientation; capacity building

OrganizationalCoverageandtheHistoricalExperienceoftheConstructionofRuralGrassrootsPartyOrganizations

——A Study of the Centennial History of the Communist Party of China

XUMingqiang,LIGe

AbstractWhat distinguishes the Communist Party of China (CPC) from other parties is its emphasis on the construction of the party’s grassroots organizations.Since its establishment,the CPC has been expanding its coverage of grass-roots organizations to strengthen the power in rural areas.The extension to the bottom in the vertical direction gradually extends party organizations from the township and village level to the most basic level of natural villages，strengthening the bond between the party and the people; the “extension to the margin” in the horizontal direction covers the new rural social subjects and strengthens the governance in rural areas.Based on the construction of grass-roots organizations in vertical and horizontal dimensions,the CPC has consolidated its authority and improved its governance in rural areas.Surrounding the key points of the Party and the state,The Party’s adaptation to the development and change of rural social structure and its expanded organizational coverage have become the valuable experience of the CPC in the construction of grass-roots organizations in the centennial history.

Keywordsthe Communist Party of China; grassroots organization；organizational coverage; centennial history

AStudyontheHistoricalEvolutionandEmpiricalEnlightenmentoftheThoughtofPeople-CenteredDevelopmentinthePastOneHundredYearsSincetheFoundingoftheCPC

LIANGWeijun，LIUShuting

AbstractAlways insisting on the people-centered approach,the 100-year history of the CPC is the history of struggle to unite and lead the people to realize their yearning for a better life.The historical evolution of the thought of people-centered development since the founding of the CPC has gone through four stages including the New Democratic Revolution (1921-1949),the Socialist Revolution and Construction (1949-1978),the Reform and Opening up (1978-2012),and the New Era of Socialism with Chinese Characteristics (2012-).We should implement the Mass Line of the CPC and mobilize people for production and development; we should insist on the overarching goal of the CPC and promote the free and all-round development of the people; we should keep in mind the original mission of the CPC and the people-centered approach.To realize the Second Centennial Goal,insisting on the people-centered approach upholds the leadership of the CPC and gives full play to the advantages of the socialist system with Chinese characteristics.It helps to improve people’s livelihood and enhance people’s sense of contentment,happiness and security.With the strategy of “Two Overall Situations”,it contributes to the building of a community with a shared future for mankind.

KeywordsCentenary of the CPC；people-centered；historical evolution；historical experience；contemporary enlightenment

ResearchontheFormationMechanismofClusteredStructurewithMulti-HubsoftheInternationalCerealTradeNetwork

LIULinqing,YANXiaofei

AbstractAffected by the COVID-19 pandemic,the structural changes of international cereal trade network are being concerned globally.By constructing the international food trade network of 125 major economies in the world from 1995 to 2018,this paper explores the evolution characteristics and formation mechanism of trade pattern.This study reveals:the network density,trade volume and agglomeration degree of the international cereal trade network are increasing,showing an increasingly “smaller” small-world; the network has been evolved from an unbalanced and discrete structure with fewer hubs dominated by the United States to a balanced and clustered structure with multi-hubs distributed in the important cereal exporters,such as Russia,the United States,Thailand,etc.The empirical results based on temporal exponential random graph model show that the expansibility,triadic closure,stability in self-organization mechanism and the complementary relationship in relational embeddedness mechanism promote the formation of cereal trade relation.Furthermore,there is no evidence to support that competitive relationship can restrain cereal trade relation,which affirms the positive-sum game nature of international cereal trade to a certain extent.The systematic analysis of the causal mechanism of international cereal trade network structure from macro to micro levels provides policy guidance to enhance China’s position as a hub in the network and ensure the stable development of global cereal trading system.

Keywordsinternational cereal trade network; clustered structure with multi-hubs; formation mechanism; temporal exponential random graph model

IndicatorsofCountyConstructionLand,IndustrialStructureandOperationPerformanceofRuralCommercialBanks

DONGXiaolin，ZHANGDan，CHENQiuyue

AbstractTaking the balance panel data of 43 rural commercial banks in Jiangsu Province from 2011 to 2018 as the research sample,this paper empirically analyzes the impact of construction land indicator at county level on the operating performance of rural commercial banks,and discusses the mechanism.The results show that the indicators of county construction land have a significant positive impact on the business performance of rural commercial banks.The more the indicators of county construction land,the better the business performance of rural commercial banks.Different types of construction land indicators have heterogeneous effects on the operating performance of rural commercial banks.Specifically,housing land indicators and industrial and mining warehousing land indicators have a significant positive impact on the operating performance of rural commercial banks,while transportation land indicators have less significant impact.Further research shows that the construction land indicator at the county level improves the operation performance of rural and commercial banks by promoting the development of the secondary industry,and the secondary industry plays a complete intermediary role.The conclusion of this study is not only helpful to understand the impact of land policy tools of macro-control on financial institutions,but also can provide reference for local governments to optimize industrial structure by allocating construction land indicators differently from the supply side.

Keywordscounty construction land indicator; industrial structure; business performance of rural commercial banks; the mediation effect

LivelihoodResilience,AspirationLevelandFarmers’RiskInvestmentBehavior

GUANRui，YUJin

AbstractFarmers’ inadequate response to public policies has seriously weakened the implementation efficiency of Rural Revitalization Strategy in poverty-relieved areas.In this paper,Holt-Laury controlled incentive mechanism is employed to simulate farmers’ risk investment behavior,and structural equation model is used to clarify the influence mechanism among livelihood resilience,aspiration level and farmers’ risk investment behavior.Based on the survey data and the risk experimental data of farmers of poverty-relieved areas of Qinba Mountain in 2018,the research results show that:first,the buffer capacity,self-organization and learning ability are- important dimensions of farmers’ livelihood resilience; second,the livelihood resilience of farmers is an important basis for the formation of their aspiration level,with buffer ability having the greatest impact; third,the cultivation of farmers’ self-organization and learning ability can effectively promote farmers to participate in secure investment projects,while the cultivation of buffer capacity can effectively promote farmers to participate in opportunity-driven projects.Due to this,the local government should implement the long-term cultivation of farmers’ livelihood resilience,and actively guide farmers to form a reasonable and effective level of aspiration.At the same time,for secure investment projects,we should make full use of the interaction effect in rural society,and help farmers to form clear and correct expected income through the active visits and policy interpretation of grass-roots organizations,weakening information inequality; for opportunity-driven projects,we need to attach importance to pre-management,in-process supervision and post remedy.

Keywordslivelihood resilience; aspiration level; farmers’ risk investment behavior; Holt-Laury experiment

ResearchonConstructionofReturningtoPovertyRiskAssessmentandEarlyWarningMechanismofPoverty-relievedHouseholdsinEthnicAreas

HUANGGuoqing，LIUYi，SHIPengfei

AbstractEffective identification and timely warning of the risk of returning to poverty is the prerequisite for preventing the poverty-relieved population from returning to poverty.In this paper,the livelihood vulnerability analytical framework is used to build the risk assessment system in ethic areas and the statistics in southwestern ethnic areas are calculated to evaluate the risk of the poverty-relieved families’ returning to poverty,on which an early warning mechanism is built.The following conclusions are drawn:(1) The risk of returning to poverty of poverty relieved families is mainly concentrated in human resource risk and financial risk,with a certain degree of high-complexity of natural,material,and social risks.(2) The early warning mechanism for poverty-returning of poverty relieved families should be combined with the degree of warning and warning sources,continuously measure their livelihood at different risk levels,evaluate the effectiveness of policies,and optimize the improvement program.Therefore,from the perspective of the subject,the governments in ethnic areas should make different policies on different risk levels; from the perspective of objective,the five major risks of returning to poverty need to be dealt with in a timely manner and clearly directed; from a regional perspective,efforts should be focused on improving the local conditions and exploring local advantages to provide a diversity of strategies for poverty relieved families.

Keywordspoverty-relieved households；risk of returning to poverty；risk assessment；early warning mechanism；southwestern ethnic area

TheLaborEffortEffectonAgriculturalHigh-QualityGrowthUndertheRestrictionoftheHouseholdLandHolding

WANGJing,ZHUANGLijuan,LIShengwen

AbstractWith the restriction of the household land holding,the non-agricultural income has gradually become the main income of the rural household,which reduces the labor effort and its contribution to the agricultural high-quality growth.Based on the agricultural production function with the labor effort,the contribution of the labor effort to the quality of agricultural growth is estimated after it being isolated from other factors.The results show the labor effort under the restriction of the land holding makes 72.5% of the contribution to the improvement of agricultural high-quality growth from 1985 to 2016,which accounts for 41.8% of the agricultural quality growth in the same period and shows a gradual decline,but the decline rate tends to slow down.In general,this decline is more dramatic in developed regions,while in developing regions or large agricultural provinces it is just the opposite.Therefore,it is suggested to promote the transfer or exchange of land management rights,expand the land area of the household and improve their labor effort,so as to increase the market power of high-quality agricultural development.

Keywordsagricultural high-quality growth; labor effort; pure income effect; household land holding

TheImpactofCapitalEndowmentandSenseofVillageBelongingonFarmers’ParticipationinRuralEnvironmentalGovernance

LIFenni,ZHANGJunbiao,HEKe

AbstractBased on the data of 985 farm household surveys in Hubei province,this paper employes the Poisson Model and analyzes the effect of capital endowment and sense of village belonging on farmers’ participation in rural environmental governance.The results show that:Capital endowment and sense of village belonging have positive effects on farmers’ environmental governance participation behaviors.The sense of village belonging plays a significant positive regulating role in the influence of capital endowments on farmers’ rural environment governance behaviors.The stronger the sense of village belonging is,the stronger the driving force of capital endowment on farmers’ participation.The suggestions for improvement are put forward to comprehensively enhance the level of capital endowment and reinforce the sense of village belonging.

Keywordscapital endowment; sense of village belonging; rural environmental governance; participation motivation; participation condition

TheAllocationofAttentionTowardsandtheLogicalExplicationofAgriculturalPolicyChangeinChina

LIQing,QIANZaijian

AbstractAgriculture is closely related to people’s livelihood which is always a vital policy area in national policy-making over the decades.Reviewing the agricultural policy texts since the founding of the People’s Republic of China,we can clearly draw the map of policy change.This paper conducts a bibliometric research on 669 agricultural policies issued at the national level since 1949 by using Nvivo 11 and Rost Content Mining 6.0,and explores the attention allocation and phase characteristics of agricultural policy change.Based on the descriptive statistics and text analysis of its overall trend of four stages,keyword frequency and attention allocation,it is found that the change of agricultural policy contains the following deep logic:the continuous adjustment of the interests between the state and farmers,incremental change led by the government,and the joint promotion of policy environment,ideas and subjects.On this basis,the article hopes to provide knowledge accumulation of theory and practice for agricultural development and rural revitalization.

Keywordsagricultural policy; policy change; attention allocation; policy text; rural revitalization

TheEvolutionofFarmers’MutualAidandCooperationPracticeFormsSincetheFoundingofNewChina

WUChunmei，ZHANGShuangyan

AbstractOrganizing farmers to take the path of common prosperity has been a consistent central theme in the practice of mutual aid and cooperation since the founding of New China.The practice form of mutual assistance and cooperation among farmers follows the evolutionary track of institutionalized construction,idealization,return to rationality and constant improvement and the evolution logic of “goal orientation-government-led-self-adjustment”.It has experienced a change from“dual movement-driven” trend to “integration of politics and society” before reform and opening up and the transformation from coexistence of tradition and modernity to integration between the two after the reform and opening up.It also shows a gradual transition from a non-governmental sector based on social exchange to a market sector and public domain based on the superposition of economic exchange and social exchange.Entering the new era,the reconstruction of a new type of mutual assistance and cooperation among farmers guided by the new concepts of co-governance,shared responsibility,and mutual prosperity can simultaneously demonstrate the dual advantages of characteristics with China’s background and the socialist system.

Keywordshelping and supporting each other; farmers’ mutual aid and cooperation ;practice form; evolution logic; rural revitalization

Institution,InterestandResponsibility:theActionLogicofAdministrativeOperationofVillageLevelOrganizations

——Based on Investigation on Three Villages in Northern Jiangsu

HUGaoqiang

AbstractThe inner logic of the action ethics of village level organizations is a matter to be further explained in the academic circle.Previous studies have focused on the analysis of the administrative structure of village level governance from the perspective of the structural relationship between township and village governance,emphasizing the dual relationship of “system interest”,while ignoring the multiple action logic of micro village level organization administration formed by “system interest responsibility”.Based on the historical development and realistic trend of system standardization,interest enrichment and responsibility reappearance,this paper focuses on the practical process of village level organizations dealing with administrative tasks in a compartmentalised manner,and analyzes the practical process and formation mechanism of village level organization’s administration.It is found that the mechanism of classifying tasks into rigid tasks,flexible tasks and inertial tasks in village level organizations is shaped by the combination and interaction of institution,interest and responsibility.Specifically,the coexistence of institution and responsibility forms rigid task,the conjugation of responsibility and interest shapes the flexible task,and the system and interest produce inertial task simultaneously.The multiple logic behind the classification mechanism is the basic motivation of administrative operation of village level organization.

Keywordsvillage level organization; action ethics; multiple logic; responsibility

“Blockchain+AgriculturalCrowdfunding”:Innovation,RiskandLegalSupervision

ZHANGYan,HOUQiling

AbstractThe rise of financial technology such as blockchain is accelerating the innovation of Internet finance.As a practical innovation of Internet finance in the agricultural field,agricultural crowdfunding has the ideal functions of financial supplementation,integration of production and consumption,and resource integration.However,its actual development is subject to risks in trust and security,and problems such as low market trust,small financing scale and insufficient operation specialization.The core value of blockchain technology lies in the solution to the problem of trust and security.So the embedding of blockchain technology applications is conducive to resolving the difficulties of agricultural crowdfunding and optimizing the operation process of agricultural crowdfunding.However,while advancing the integration and innovation of “blockchain + agricultural crowdfunding”,attention must be paid to preventing systemic risks and related legal risks that may be caused by technical security risks.Therefore,it is imperative to strengthen the rule of law in its application.On the way to the rule of law,it is recommended to introduce a “supervisory sandbox” to balance innovation incentives and legal regulations,strengthen functional supervision,take into account both platform management and business supervision,adopt blockchain nodes supervision and coordinate rule governance and technological autonomy.

Keywordsblockchain technology; agricultural crowdfunding; risk; legal supervision

TheSpatialDimensionofRuralRevitalization:BasedontheCaseofFujianEarthBuildingRenovation

WANGJie,HONGPei,ZHUZhiwei

AbstractRural revitalization cannot be separated from spatial dimension,and how to revive the rural area from spatial dimension is an issue worthy of study.The previous spatial theories lacked constructiveness and dynamics,ignored subjectivity,and provided insufficient guidance for the current rural revitalization.Through the case analysis of the renovation of Fujian Earth Building,this paper shows the restoration process of physical space and the resulting social participation and rural reorganization,which not only solves the local problems,but also endows the space with new cultural vitality.The chain reaction caused by the renovation of the Earth Building has changed the appearance of the rural area,presenting a dynamic process of mutual construction of physical space,social space,and cultural space under the mechanism of space shaping,subject practice,and cultural inertia,and highlighting the key role of locality,social participation,and cultural activation.The case provides an approach worth learning for rural vitalization from the perspective of space.

Keywordsrural revitalization; space; Earth Building renovation

HowtheLandTitlingAffectsFarmers’Consumption?

GENGPengpeng，ZHANGLuyao，LUOBiliang

AbstractThe property rights implication of farmers’ consumption behavior has not attracted the attention of academic circles.Based on the analytical framework of “ land titling-land function-household income structure-household consumption”,this paper explores the internal mechanism of how land titling affects household consumption.The analysis shows that the farmland right confirmation is consistent with the macroeconomic internal circular policy orientation of stimulating domestic demand and strengthening consumption.Using the panel data of China Labor Force Dynamic Survey (CLDS) in 2014 and 2016,the PSM-DID model is used to estimate the consumption effect of land tenure confirmation.The estimation results show that,on the whole,land titling significantly promotes the per capita consumption and commodity consumption of farmers,but has no clear effect on the per capita service consumption.Further evidence shows that land titling will significantly increase the per capita consumption and commodity consumption of farmers based on the use of farmland in terms of security and property function.The consumption effect of land titling is the most significant in the household of part-time farmers.However,land titling did not bring about the upgrading of household consumption structure.The article suggests that it is significant to stress the importance of the property right implication behind the farmers’ consumption in stimulating the rural domestic demand and promoting the farmers’ consumption.

Keywordsland titling; farmland function ; household income structure; household consumption; PSM-DID

ResearchonDecision-MakingBehaviorsofSupplyandDemandSidesofFarmlandManagementRightsMortgageBasedonEvolutionaryGameTheory

LIMingfeng,YANGChuan,WUYuling

AbstractBased on evolutionary game theory,this paper establishes the decision-making game model of the agriculture managers and financial institutions,explores the dynamic evolutionary process of the behavioral strategies on both sides,and analyzes the influence of the loan cost and loan rate on loan decision.Furthermore,it analyzes the numerical examples and simulation using MATLAB.The results show that the loan cost is the critical factor influencing the loan decision of both debtors and creditors,and the impact of loan rate on debtors’ loan decisions is obviously different from that of loan rate on creditors’.The supply of financial public products by government can effectively increase the loan willingness of the debtors and creditors.Therefore,it is suggested that the government promote the loan application online,increase the policy support for financial institutions and provide moderate public products to the agricultural land mortgage market.

Keywordsrural land contractual management right；mortgage loan；decision-making of loan; evolutionary game