王振祥

动词V-ing形式在句中可以作主语、宾语、表语、定语、宾语补足语以及状语。今天我们主要研讨一下其作定语和表语的用法：

一、V-ing形式作定语

1. 单个的动词V-ing形式作定语，通常位于所修饰词之前。例如：

boiling water， the rising sun， the surprising news， the moving blackboard

Which class does the shouting boy come from？ 那个大喊大叫的男孩来自哪个班？

2. 由动词V-ing形式构成的短语作定语，只能位于所修饰词之后。例如：

Who is the girl following our English teacher all the way？ 一直跟在我们英语老师身后的那个女孩是谁？

The boy having seen the accident said that the car knocked the man off his bike. 看见事故的那个男孩说那辆车把那个人从自行车上撞落下来。

现在分词作定语，相当于定语从句的省略，上述三句可补全如下：

Which class does the boy that is shouting come from？

Who is the girl that followed our English teacher all the way？

The boy who had seen the accident said that the car knocked the man off his bike.

3. V-ing形式作定语，还可表示所修饰词语的用途，可换用for表示。例如：

a sleeping car = a car for sleeping 卧铺车厢

a sleeping pill = a pill for sleeping 安眠药丸

a walking stick = a stick for walking 拐杖

a swimming pool = a pool for swimming 游泳池

当然，V-ing形式作定语更多的时候说明的是所修饰词的性质、特征、所处的状态等。例如：

a sleeping dog = a dog that is sleeping正在睡觉的狗

a walking man = a man who is walking正在走路的男子

4. 另外，V-ing形式作定语时，容易和V-ed分词发生错用。V-ing形式有“主动”或“进行中”之意，V-ed分词则表示“被动”或“已完成”。试比较如下：

She is the student representing her school to attend the conference. （表示主动） 她是代表她学校参会的那个学生。

I think youd agree hes a respected columnist. （表示被动） 我想你得承认他是个备受尊敬的专栏作家。

You cant drink boiling water. You can drink boiled water. 你不能饮用滚烫的水，你可以饮用（凉）开水。（V-ing形式表进行中，V-ed分词表已完成）

二、V-ing形式作表语

V-ing形式作表语可分两种情况：1. 相当于形容词;2. 相当于名词。例如：

English is quite interesting. （interesting相当于形容词）

Her job is teaching English. （teaching English相当于名词）

第一种情况，应注意其与过去分词的区别。V-ing形式表示“主动”之意，V-ed分词则表示“被动”。试比较如下：

This news is really disappointing. We are all disappointed at the news. 这个消息真地很令人失望。我们对这个消息都很失望。（V-ing形式表主动，V-ed分词表被动）

第二种情况易与进行时结构相混，可从以下两个方面予以区别：

1. 看主语是否是V-ing动词的执行者（即V-ing动词的动作是否是句子主语的动作）。是则为进行时，不是则为V-ing形式。例如：

1） He is cleaning the street. 他正在打掃街道。

2） His job is cleaning the street. 他的工作是打扫街道。

例1中的clean是主语he的动作，为进行时。例2中的clean显然不是his job的动作，为V-ing形式。

2. 看V-ing动词（结构）能否与主语对换位置。能则为V-ing形式，不能则为进行时。例如：

3） The most difficult problem is building the bridge base. 最困难的问题是建造桥基。

4） They are building the bridge base. 他们正在建造桥基。

例3可以调整为：“Building the bridge base is the most difficult problem.”，故为V-ing形式。而例4则不能（Building the bridge are they. 不正确），故为进行时。

【跟踪练习】

一、用动词V-ing形式改写下列句子。

1. I dont know the man who is nodding to my father.

2. A train was coming and the boy who was playing on the tracks was too frightened to move.

3. The patient is sitting in the room which faces south.

4. The dustmen who were going on strike said they were badly paid.

5. Today at least in the eyes of the law blacks who live in America have the equal rights as whites.

6. Air which gives us life is around us.

7. The watch that belongs to Mary is lost.

8. We can see the plane is taking off from the airport.

9. I saw he was riding his bike in the street.

10. The citizens in Pisa saw a light ball and a heavy ball were falling at about the same speed.

二、用所給动词的适当形式填空。

1. The teacher and students were all ____ （please） with the ____ （please） result.

2. There are two hundred boys ____ （range） from seven to fourteen in age.

3. From her sad expression， we can know that the outcome is really ____ （disappoint）.

4. A ____ （fly） bird can be a great danger to any airplane， ____ （cause） an air crash.

5. The ____ （defeat） player received an ____ （encourage） message from his wife.

6. Our first step is ____ （divide） the hall into several separate offices.

7. The most difficult task was ____ （search） for the lost child in the valley.

8. ____ （boil） water is still very hot while ____ （boil） water may be cool enough to drink.

9. The ____ （march） soldiers were ____ （excite）， ____ （shout） slogans all the way.

10. The naughty boy is extremely ____ （disappoint）. His behavior made the teacher ____ （annoy） again.