罗丽雯

在反复琢磨高考阅读理解的文章和问题时，笔者总觉得有些文章似曾相识，有些题目甚至觉得“重复”了。通过比对，历年真题的阅读理解中还真有相似题——在选材内容和出题角度上都有较大的相似性，下面我们一起来看看相关的文章。

一、教育类

（2016年全国Ⅱ卷 B篇）

“Do you dream at night when youre asleep？”

“Oh， sure.”

“So tell me one of your most interesting dreams.”The student would tell something wildly imaginative. Flying in the sky or in a time machine or growing three heads.“Thats pretty creative. Who does that for you？”

“Nobody. I do it.”

“Really ― at night， when youre asleep？”

“Sure.”

“Try doing it in the daytime， in class， okay？”

28. Why did the teacher ask the students to talk about their dreams？

A. To help them to see their creativity.

B. To find out about their sleeping habits.

C. To help them to improve their memory.

D. To find out about their ways of thinking.

分析：本文中的老师，着力培养学生的创造力，在文章结尾时描述了在课堂上，老师询问学生，他们晚上做过的天马行空的梦，其目的是为了让孩子看到他们的创造力，并鼓励他们在白天，也就是在真实生活中能尝试做些有创意的事情，因此，28题的答案为A项。

（2019年全国Ⅰ卷 B篇）Whaley got the idea of this second-grade presidential campaign project when he asked the children one day to raise their hands if they thought they could never be a president. The answer broke his heart. Whaley says the project is about more than just learning to read and speak in public. He wants these kids to learn to boast （夸耀）about themselves.

26. We can infer that the purpose of Whaleys project is to _________.

A. help students see their own strengths

B. assess students public speaking skills

C. prepare students for their future jobs

D. inspire students love for politics

分析：這位老师着力培养学生的自信心。曾经老师的一次提问：认为自己永远无法成为领导人的同学请举手。学生回答的结果让老师难过。于是他想到举办the second-grade presidential campaign project这一活动，目的是为了帮助学生看到自己的长处，从而增强自己的自信心，即26题的答案为A项。

这两篇文章共通之处在于：

1. 选材内容都与教育有关。

2. 两位老师都看重人的成长，具备人文关怀，而不只是关注学生的学业成绩。

3. 老师的教学理念贯穿全文，所以至少有一题与老师的教学理念相关。

因此，当以后阅读到此类文章时，关键是理清老师的教学理念。而笔者相信此类题目还会再出现，学校、教育、教学、学习本来就是考生最为熟悉的话题，而2017年新课标中也明确提出试题选材应与高中学生的生活、社会环境相关。从考试为大学选拔人才的角度看，肯定会有学生选择进入师范院校学习，而这种与人文关怀相关的文章，强调肯定人性和人的价值的想法，能在考生的心中埋下一颗种子，希望他们在以后的学习、工作中践行“尊重学生的主体地位和个性差异，关心学生丰富多样的个体需求”等教育思想。

二、志愿者类

（2016年全国Ⅰ卷 C篇） I am Peter Hodes， a volunteer stem cell courier. Since March 2012， Ive done 89 trips—of those， 51 have been abroad. I have 42 hours to carry stem cells（干细胞）in my little box because Ive got two ice packs and thats how long they last. In all， from the time the stem cells are harvested from a donor（捐献者）to the time they can be implanted in the patient， weve got 72 hours at most. So I am always conscious of time.

30. Why does Peter have to complete his trip within 42 hours？

A. He cannot stay away from his job too long.

B. The donor can only wait for that long.

C. The operation needs that much time.

D. The ice wont last any longer.

分析：作者是一名干细胞志愿速递员，本文记叙他的志愿经历。其中30题提问的是为何需要在42小时内送达。由原文中Ive got two ice packs and thats how long they last可看出，运输干细胞时，需要利用冰袋。但冰袋维持的时间不长，为了保证干细胞的效用，作者一定得在42小时内完成，答案为D项。

（2017年全国Ⅰ卷B篇）I work with Volunteers for Wildlife， a rescue and education organization at Bailey Arboretum in Locust Valley. Trying to help injured， displaced or sick creatures can be heartbreaking; survival is never certain. However， when it works， it is simply beautiful.

I got a rescue call from a woman in Muttontown. She had found a young owl（猫头鹰）on the ground. When I arrived， I saw a 2-to 3-week-old owl. It had already been placed in a carrier for safety.

I examined the chick（雏鸟）and it seemed fine. If I could locate the nest， I might have been able to put it back， but no luck. My next work was to construct a nest and anchor it in a tree.

...

A nervous night to be sure， but sometimes the spirits of nature smile on us all！The homeowner called to say that the parents had responded to the recordings. I drove over and saw the chick in the nest looking healthy and active. And it was accompanied in the nest by the greatest sight of all — LUNCH！The parents had done their duty and would probably continue to do so.

25. Why was the author called to Muttontown？

A. To rescue a woman.

B. To take care of a woman.

C. To look at a baby owl.

D. To cure a young owl.

27. How would the author feel about the outcome of the event？

A. Its unexpected.

B. Its beautiful.

C. Its humorous.

D. Its discouraging.

分析：本文作者是一個野生动植物的志愿者，主要是救助老弱病残等的生命。而25题是问为什么作者要去到Muttontown。在教学中，我发现学生容易错选A或D项。其实从作者作为野生动植物的志愿者的身份来看，照顾或拯救的对象不应是人，A和B两个选项均可以排除。而根据I got a rescue call from a woman in Muttontown. She had found a young owl on the ground推测答案为C项，电话中女士说发现一只小猫头鹰，并未提及它有病，所以我们只能推断作者去看一看，而无法推断出cure（治愈）这一信息。

27题提问的是对这个事件的结果，作者有什么感觉。作者和女士不仅给小猫头鹰另筑了一个巢，而且利用小猫头鹰嗷嗷待哺的录音，引来了它的父母，从而真正解救了它。成功救助动物的感受，在文章结尾并没有直接提出，但是在第一段的最后一句“Trying to help injured， displaced or sick creatures can be heartbreakin; survival is never certain. However， when it works， it is simply beautiful.”援救动物并非每次都能成功，但当你做到的时候，感觉太美妙了。所以本题答案为B项。

（2019年全国Ⅱ卷 B篇）Still， most of us volunteers breathe a sigh of relief when the season comes to a close. That relief is coupled with a deep understanding of why the same people keep coming back for more： Connecting to the community（社区）as you freely give your time， money， skills， or services provides a real joy. Volunteering just feels so good.

In that sense， Im pretty sure volunteering is more of a selfish act than Id freely like to admit. However， if others benefit in the process， and I get some reward too， does it really matter where my motivation lies？

27. Why does the author like doing volunteer work？

A. It gives her a sense of duty.

B. It makes her very happy.

C. It enables her to work hard.

D. It brings her material rewards.

分析：本篇的作者身份也是志愿者，為社区长曲棍俱乐部服务。文章以作者劝说一名不乐意当志愿者的家长作为开篇，但当这位家长被说服且成为志愿者后，她对社区的俱乐部贡献良多。究竟是什么让这位家长改变呢？作者在最后两段点出了当志愿者的“秘密”：Connecting to the community ... provides a real joy. Volunteering just feels so good. 为社区服务让我们感觉很快乐。志愿经历让人感觉美好。这也是那位“不情愿”家长态度转变的原因。所以答案为B项。

这三篇文章共通之处在于：

1. 选材内容与志愿者相关。

2. 讲述作者的志愿者经历，而且能体现作者为社会服务，能获得内心的满足感。

3. 三篇文章考查的方向两两相似，2016年全国Ⅰ卷与2017年全国Ⅰ卷考查了跟志愿者经历相关的细节题，而2016年全国Ⅰ卷和2019年全国Ⅱ卷则都考查了当志愿者的心理感受。

志愿者的话题学生并不陌生，我们从社会中获得生存、发展的资源，那么当我们有能力的时候，不妨也慷慨地回馈社会。当志愿者固然没有物质回报，但正如2016年全国Ⅰ卷和2019年全国Ⅱ卷两篇文章指出的，当志愿者所获得的精神上的满足感、愉悦感，能让人内心富足，这也是非常美妙的。如若再遇到此类题目，需要读懂作者从事什么志愿活动，而作为升华文章的“志愿活动的意义”，相信也会是考查的重点之一。

三、文化类

（2014年全国Ⅰ卷D篇）As more and more people speak the global languages of English， Chinese， Spanish， and Arabic， other languages are rapidly disappearing. In fact， half of the 6，000—7，000 languages spoken around the world today will likely die out by the next century， according to the United Nations Educational， Scientific， and Cultural Organization（UNESCO）.

In an effort to prevent language loss， scholars from a number of organizations --- UNESCO and National Geographic among them --- have for many years been documenting dying languages and the cultures they reflect.

Mark Turin， a scientist at the Macmillan Center， Yale University， who specializes in the languages and oral traditions of the Himalayas， is following in that tradition. His recently published book， A grammar of Thangmi with an Ethnolinguistic Introduction to the Speakers and Their Culture， grows out of his experience living， working， and raising a family in a village in Nepal.

32. Many scholars are making efforts to _____.

A. promote global language

B. rescue disappearing languages

C. search for language communities

D. set up language research organizations

33. What does“that tradition”in Paragraph 3 refer to？

A. Having full records of the languages.

B. Writing books on language teaching.

C. Telling stories about language users.

D. Living with the native speakers.

分析：本文讲述的是UNESCO这一组织尽力在保护濒临消失的语言，特别是提到Mark Turin为了记录一门语言，进行了田野调查法——到调查的地方，与当地的居民共同生活、工作，在此过程中完成调查研究。

32题提问的是学者们正致力于什么事，根据第二段内容“In an effort to prevent language loss， scholars from a number of organizations ... have for many years been documenting dying languages and the cultures they reflect.”可以知道答案为B项rescue disappearing languages。

33题提问指代部分内容，根据上文的have for many years been documenting dying languages and the cultures，我们可以选出答案A项Having full records of the languages。

（2017年全国Ⅰ卷 C篇） Some of the worlds most famous musicians recently gathered in Paris and New Orleans to celebrate the first annual International Jazz Day. UNESCO（United Nations Educational， Scientific and Cultural Organization）recently set April 30 as a day to raise awareness of jazz music， its significance， and its potential as a unifying（聯合）voice across cultures.

Despite the celebrations， though， in the U.S. the jazz audience continues to shrink and grow older， and the music has failed to connect with younger generations.

Its Jason Morans job to help change that. As the Kennedy Centers artistic adviser for jazz， Moran hopes to widen the audience for jazz， make the music more accessible， and preserve its history and culture.

28. Why did UNESCO set April 30 as International Jazz Day？

A. To remember the birth of jazz.

B. To protect cultural diversity.

C. To encourage people to study music.

D. To recognize the value of jazz.

29. What does the underlined word“that”in Paragraph 3 refer to？

A. Jazz becoming more accessible.

B. The production of jazz growing faster.

C. Jazz being less popular with the young.

D. The jazz audience becoming larger.

分析：本文讲述了爵士乐处于困境，以及讨论如何让爵士乐走出困境的方法。28题问“为何要设立国际爵士乐日”，在教学中，我发现多数学生会误选A，B或C。事实上，文中指出“set April 30 as a day to raise awareness of jazz music， its significance， and its potential as a unifying voice across cultures （把4月30日作为一个节目，其目的是提高对爵士乐的认识，它的重要性，以及它作为跨文化统一声音的潜力）”，其中，不定式to raise ...表目的，与题目所问相吻合，“爵士乐，它的重要性，以及它的作用（跨越文化的统一的声音的潜力）”就是爵士乐的价值，故选D项。

29题提问 that 指代的内容，依然是利用上文the music has failed to connect with younger generations确定答案为C项。

这两篇文章共通之处在于：

1. 选材内容都属于文化范畴。

2. 两篇文章都提到了语言或爵士乐的困境，或是即将消失，或是渐被遗忘，所以接下来相关的组织都在想办法保护这些文化遗产。

两篇文章都同样设问：相关的组织所付出的努力是为了什么，而答案也有相似之处，或为了拯救濒临消失的语言，或为了让人们认识到爵士乐的价值，希望能让这些文化得以保存。

3. 两篇文章都问到了that tradition 和that指代的内容，而答案都需要从上文寻找并进行概括。

这类文化传承的阅读理解，也是极有可能再次作为阅读理解的材料的。考生需要从文章了解所提到的文化载体的现状，大多数情况下是某种文化载体面临着困境，所以相关的组织、人员采取行动，共同保护、扶持、培育这一文化载体。这方面的文章，可以引发学生对文化的思考，或让学生更多地关注我们的文化，以便做到传承与发扬。

四、探讨社会现象类

（2016年全国Ⅰ卷 B篇）

Grandparents Answer a Call

No statistics show the number of grandparents like Garza who are moving closer to adult children and grandchildren. Yet there is evidence suggesting that the trend is growing. Even President Obamas mother-in-law， Marian Robinson， has agreed to leave Chicago and move into the White House to help care for her granddaughters. According to a study by grandparents. Com， 83 percent of the people said Mrs. Robinsons decision will influence grandparents in the American family. Two-thirds believe more families will follow the example of Obamas family.

26. What was the reaction of the public to Mrs. Robinsons decision？

A. 17% expressed their support for it.

B. Few people responded sympathetically.

C. 83% believed it had a bad influence.

D. The majority thought it was a trend.

分析：本文討论的是美国家庭中父母到子女家庭中，帮忙照顾孙子、孙女的社会现象。26题提问，民众对于Mrs. Robinson（时任美国总统奥巴马的岳母）的决定（搬到白宫，帮助照顾孙女）有什么反应。根据原文“According to a study by grandparents. Com， 83 percent of the people said Mrs. Robinsons decision will influence grandparents in the American family. Two-thirds believe more families will follow the example of Obamas family.”研究表明，对民众有影响，三分之二的人认为相信更多的家庭会跟着第一家庭的榜样去做，因此答案为D项。

（2018年全国Ⅱ卷 C篇）Teens and younger children are reading a lot less for fun， according to a Common Sense Media report published Monday.

While the decline over the past decade is steep for teen readers， some data in the report shows that reading remains a big part of many childrens lives， and indicates how parents might help encourage more reading.

According to the reports key findings，“the proportion（比例）who say they‘hardly ever read for fun has gone from 8 percent of 13-year-olds and 9 percent of 17-year-olds in 1984 to 22 percent and 27 percent respectively today.”

29. Where can you find the data that best supports“children are reading a lot less for fun”？

A. In paragraph 2.          B. In paragraph 3.

C. In paragraph 4.          D. In paragraph 5.

分析：本文讨论的是青少年阅读习惯的问题，从研究中作者发现，为了阅读的乐趣而读书的青少年越来越少。

29题提问，哪一段可以找到支撑“为了阅读的乐趣而读书的青少年越来越少”的数据。而从第三段可以看到：从来不是因为阅读乐趣而阅读的人群比例，13岁组别的回答，从1984年的8%上升于22%，17岁组别则从1984年的9%上升至27%，从这里可以看到，越来越多的人并非因为阅读的乐趣而读书，符合题意，故选B项。

（2019年全国Ⅱ卷 C篇）Marian Bechtel sits at West Palm Beachs Bar Louie counter by herself， quietly reading her e-book as she waits for her salad. What is she reading？ None of your business！Lunch is Bechtels“me”time. And like more Americans， shes not alone.

A new report found 46 percent of meals are eaten alone in America. More than half （53 percent） have breakfast alone and nearly half （46 percent） have lunch by themselves. Only at dinnertime are we eating together anymore，74 percent，according to statistics from the report.

28. What are the statistics in paragraph 2 about？

A. Food variety.

B. Eating habits.

C. Table manners.

D. Restaurant service.

本文讨论的是独自进餐这一社会现象，越来越多的人选择独自进餐，利用独处这段时间思考，了解互联网上的信息，充分充电后再回到工作岗位上工作。

28题提问，第二段的统计数据是关于什么的。第二段讲到研究表明美国接近半数的人群选择单独吃饭。超过半数的人单独吃早餐，近半数的人单独吃午餐。74%在会选择与他人共進晚餐。因此，答案为B项，Eating habits（进餐习惯）。

这三篇文章共通之处在于：

1. 选材内容都是与社会现象相关的。

2. 讨论的社会现象多数是外国的社会现象，而不是中国的情况。

3. 讨论社会现象，通常会引用相关研究数据进行支撑，而不是空口无凭。所以我们看到都有一道题目是考查学生对于数据的理解。

做这类题，首先还是要读懂文章讲述的是什么社会现象。此类文章除了考查学生的阅读能力，也考查学生跨文化意识。比如父母帮助子女照顾孙子孙女，这在中国可能是一个常见的现象，但在美国却不一定如此。所以，考生不能想当然地代入中国的文化去思考，而应根据作者所提供的材料来进行推测。

另外，读懂数据所表达的内容，也是考生应该着重培养的能力。毕竟进入大学之后，想做科研的同学，在做文献研究的时候，对于前人所做过的研究，包括思辨性的，实证性的，都需要有所了解。而当你阅读实证类研究时，能否读懂数据，甚至于自己做科研时，能否从数据看到更多的信息，那都是非常关键的。当然，高考只需要考生读懂数据所表达的内容并找到匹配选项即可。

小结：

1. 以上四种类型的文章，涵盖了2016年至2019年全国Ⅰ卷、全国Ⅱ卷9篇文章，还有2014年全国Ⅰ卷1篇文章，总共10篇文章。尽管我们在把阅读题进行分类时，传统上是以细节题、词义推断题、推测题、主旨大意题等题型进行划分。但本文是从选材上的相似性进行分类（包括这些文章的题目出题角度也具有相似性）。虽然无法囊括所有的高考阅读理解文章，但笔者的目的并不是要将高考题分类，主要是希望从另一个角度看真题。

2. 承接上一点，我们很多时候，一份题目做完，对完答案，仿佛万事大吉，可以再找一份题来做。可是这样很难提升阅读能力。笔者认为，应该反复研读高考真题，探讨特点，把握规律。而本文就是提供一种再读高考阅读真题的思路。我们在反复琢磨这些文章的同时，也是一个阅读理解的过程，也是一种提升阅读能力的方法。

3. 细心的读者会发现，本文有提到田野研究法，实证性研究等内容，这些在高中阶段的研究性学习可能会接触到，也可能是我们进入大学之后会运用到的研究方法。文章本身并不考查你这方面的能力，但当你对相关的知识了解得越多，背景知识越丰富，你在阅读时的障碍则会越少。

责任编辑 蒋小青