APP下载

邂逅一树杜鹃王

2020-12-28杨新元

文化交流 2020年12期
关键词:天台山云锦杜鹃

杨新元

邂逅天台华顶的“杜鹃王”,对我来说无疑是一个意外之喜。

“天台山者,盖山岳之神秀者也。”而华顶峰是天台山的主峰,海拔1098米。四周群山层层相裹,状如百叶莲花,华顶如正处花之顶端,故名花顶,音“华顶”。

我到天台山时已过立夏,在山下还觉得骄阳逼人,一站在千米之上的华顶山巅,却觉得一阵凉意,大有“高处不胜寒”之感。

环顾四周,“夫其峻极之状,嘉祥之美,穷山海之瑰富,尽人神之壮丽矣。”但见云雾缭绕,氤氲盘结,动若浮波,静如凝絮,几米远处就树影朦胧,变幻莫测,仿佛置身于仙境之中。导游告诉我:“天台山位于县城北25公里,景区面积7.5平方公里,是我国著名的国家森林公园。”

我知道,这里山川俊秀,空气清新宜人,负离子多多。文化积淀也十分深厚,有众多的名人古迹可供瞻仰。华顶峰下有华顶寺,初名善兴寺,据记载,是后晋天福元年(936年)由禪宗法眼宗德韶大师创建。寺后的归云洞,相传是三国吴时葛玄手植茶圃所在,至今已有1700余年。寺东北还有太白读书堂,西南面有王右军墨池等古迹。寺两侧的密林间,原来有72茅篷,东茅篷以药师庵为最大。每逢佛教斋期,山上僧众、香客如云,这些茅篷就成了他们修炼的处所。据导游介绍,如果早晨登临华顶,可观东海日出,看峰顶归云,云蒸霞蔚,气象万千。

然而,天台山华顶最令人称奇的,还是灿若云霞的云锦杜鹃。

华顶寺一带,土地肥沃,古木森森,终年云雾缭绕,十分适宜茶树的生长。这里出产的华顶云雾茶,为中国名茶之一,饮誉中外。而华顶的云锦杜鹃,更是一绝。其树龄多在百年之上,占地数百亩。每年5月间,这里繁花似海,树姿优美、花色娇艳,堪称奇观。

云锦杜鹃属杜鹃花科,是我国特有的珍稀树种。它以“苍干如松柏,花姿若牡丹”而成为《中国高等植物图鉴》中记载的377种杜鹃中的佼佼者。云锦杜鹃虽在云南、四川等地也有分布,但成片成林、面积达300多亩,且树龄大都在200年以上并形成古树群的,则唯浙江天台山之华顶所独有。

云锦杜鹃梵语称娑罗,所以当地人又称它为娑罗树。清代邑人齐周华在《台岳天台山游记》中写道:“山高气寒,四时之花信常迟,惟娑罗种性最宜,故四月花开如木笔,如芍药,香满禅林。”

云锦杜鹃是一种常绿大灌木,一般高约四五米,树冠浑圆平整,主干分明,旁枝逸出。叶片革质,与枇杷叶相似,正面墨绿油亮,背面有黄色茸毛。每年立夏过后,树顶生出伞状的花序,待放的花苞就像荷箭。花朵盛开时,由7至13朵小花团簇在一起,组成一个个大若碗口、妩媚无比的花团。

云锦杜鹃一树千花,故又称“千花杜鹃”。花期很短,只有7天左右。花色艳丽,有大红、粉红、白色和紫色等。每当花盛期,几千几万朵杜鹃花间杂在一起,形成一片缤纷夺目的“花海”,望之粉若芙蓉,姣若清荷,灿若云霞,闻之沁人心脾。

本来,立夏前后应当是华顶云锦杜鹃开得最盛的时候,可以大饱眼福。可早几天一场台风,吹落了满树的杜鹃花,华顶上已是“绿肥红瘦”了。对我们这批观花者来说,这不能不说是一大遗憾。

虽然在山下时,我已知道今年看不到云雾与花海相映成趣的美景了,但我还是想看一看成百亩连片分布的杜鹃林。

我问导游:“杜鹃林在什么地方?”

“从这里出发,走十来分钟就可以看到了。”导游提议说:“我们先去看一看华顶的杜鹃王吧。”

于是,我们跟着她,踩着被雾气湿润的山间小道,拾级向上。

由于平时缺少锻练,又不善爬山,走了不一会山道,同行者大都气喘吁吁。正想在路边坐下来歇歇,导游指着前面山坡上一棵杜鹃树说:“喏,你们看,这就是华顶的杜鹃王。”

走近一看,树旁边果然竖着一块牌子,写着“杜鹃王”三个字。

粗一看,杜鹃王似乎相貌平常:既没有几人合抱的粗大躯干,也没有高耸入云的挺拔英姿。我想,如果不是生在华顶上,这种树身六七米高、树干碗口粗的树,在平原乡村是随处可见的。

难道这么一棵普普通通的杜鹃树,就是大名鼎鼎的天台华顶“杜鹃王”?

似乎是看出了我们心中的疑虑,导游说:“你们数一数,杜鹃王有几个分枝?告诉你们,云锦杜鹃一般300年才长出一个分枝。”导游的话引起了大家的兴趣,纷纷上前细看。

我上前一数,呀!“杜鹃王”已长出了4棵分枝,这么说来,“杜鹃王”已有1200年以上的树龄了!

1200多年,在人类历史的长河中是不短的一段时光,已可上溯到宋咸平年间(公元998年前后)。我不禁对“杜鹃王”刮目相看。

此刻,“杜鹃王”静静地站在我的面前。

你好,“杜鹃王”。你是静谧的,但不会保持沉默。你就像一个阅遍世事的老人,在我们面前从容不迫。

一阵山风掠过,你抖动起丰满的树冠,发出轻轻的沙沙声,似乎在向我们点头致意。

千年,那么长那么长的时光,你就是为了和我们相见吗?!

“我站在古人一定站过的那些方位上,用与先辈差不多的黑眼珠打量着很少会有变化的自然景观,静听着与千百年前没有丝毫差异的风声鸟声。”作家余秋雨的话,突然涌进我的脑海。

我细细地打量着,好似看到多年的老友:碗口粗的4个分枝,表皮斑痕累累,时光在上面打下了深深的烙印;根须盘根错节,深深地扎进岩石和泥土之中。树冠很大,古干扶疏,潇洒地向空中伸展,树叶墨绿油亮。

你在山顶上生长千年,一定有过寂寞,遇过艰难,有着许许多多不为人知的痛楚。但我看到的你虽然已是千年寿翁,却充满着青春的活力。

我想,在这千年的时间长廊里,曾有多少古人也像我们今天一样,与你“亲密接触”,静听着四周的风声鸟鸣,观赏着华顶的自然景观呢?如果“杜鹃王”能说话,一定会告诉我们许多人间故事。

面對“杜鹃王”,一种深沉的历史感似乎笼罩过来,我的思绪穿过时空:

我仿佛看到,唐代大诗人李白在这里游览,衣袍飘逸,对着清风明月古树,吟咏着:“天台邻四明,华顶高百越……”

我仿佛看到,王羲之在树下行走着,他是练字后的小憩还是练字前的构思?

那个慈眉善目的老和尚,今天又经过这里,向顶峰最高处走去。原来是智者大师到拜经台去求拜《楞严经》了……

“翠岫从容出,名花次第逢。最怜红踯躅,高映碧芙蓉。无人移上苑,空置白云封。”清初张联元这首《杜鹃花》,感叹别名红踯躅的云锦杜鹃没有被收入皇家花园。其实,这是诗人的一厢情愿。云锦杜鹃就是适宜生长在千米以上的高山上,它性喜阴寒,如果移到上苑去,即使能成活,也一定不如在高山之巅活得从容。

据《天台山全志》记载:唐贞元(785~805年)年间,江苏镇江鹤林寺的方丈因喜欢云锦杜鹃,由寺僧用药养护在钵体内,这是人类有记载的首次引种云锦杜鹃。到了20世纪,由于人们摸透了它的习性,也有少数人移栽成功。只是山下缺少云雾、山色,观赏起来未免逊色不少。

“你们看,杜鹃王还有花苞呢!”忽然,我旁边的刘君叫了起来。我顺着他的手势向茂密的树叶中看去,果然看到枝头上有一个个的花苞,如桃子般大小。导游说:“云锦杜鹃每年7月孕蕾,到第二年5月开花,就像人一样‘十月怀胎。”

在漫长的一千多年时间里,“杜鹃王”在华顶默默地生长着,听着风声、鸟声、虫声,看着山色、水色、云霞色,默默地花开花谢,绽放着一年又一年的美丽。我想,这是何等的宁静与淡泊。而这种无争与宁静的定力和境界,真是治疗现代人焦虑、忧郁、苦恼的一剂良药。

华顶云锦杜鹃林主要分三大区块,各有特色:归云洞前千树簇拥,花海一片;东茅篷药师庵旁则独自伫立,或如姐妹相处;拜经台附近却三五成群,丛丛簇簇,姿态万千。可惜我们今天看不到。然而,邂逅了“杜鹃王”,我们也就不虚此行了。

Seeing the “queen azalea” at the mountaintop of Mt. Tiantai, famed as “the finest of mountains”, was a pleasant surprise for me. The mountaintop, known as Huading Peak, rises 1,098 meters above the sea level, wrapped by layers of rolling mountains. Viewed from afar, the peak looks like a blooming lotus flower hence its name.

The early summer heat I felt at the foot of the mountain gave way and the chill set in. The thick legion of spectral white clouds streamed by, revealing and hiding the shape of trees like playing a game with the viewer. Standing at the mist-engulfed mountaintop, I couldnt help but feel overawed by the fairyland. About 25 kilometers north of the bustle of the town of Tiantai, the 7.5-square-kilometer resort is one of Chinas most famous national forest parks. The natural beauty of the resort needs no elaboration. The resort also draws admirers for its rich history and culture, highlighted by the Huading Temple, first built in 936 AD and the Guiyun Cave, legendarily the secret tea garden of Ge Xuan (164-244). Every year, the temple together with its many cultural spots draws pilgrims filing into this holy wonderland to heal souls. However, the crown jewel of the cultural glory of Mt. Tiantai is the azalea spectacle.

The surroundings of the Huading Temple are a fertile oasis enveloped by mists throughout the year, ideal for the growth of tea trees. The Mist Tea grown and processed here ranks among Chinas finest teas. The natural conditions here also produced a floral wonder that is second to none in the country. Every year in May, the azalea shrubs of 200-year-old “yunjin” (Rhododendron fortunei), a rare species of the azalea family, present a phantasmagoric spectacle that has enjoyed a reputation from ancient times. The week-long floral carnival can be enjoyed in three zones in the resort area, depending on ones aesthetic goals.

This unique species is called “suoluo” in Sanskrit. “High up in the mountain, the flowering time is normally delayed, the fierce suoluo blossoms in April being an exception,” wrote the Qing traveler Qi Zhouhua (1698-1768) in his travelogue devoted to Mt. Tiantai.

Falling into the ericaceae category, “yunjin” is a rare bifurcation unique to China in the azalea family of 377 breeds of plants, and is considered one of the finest. It has also been found in the depths of mountains in Yunnan and Sichuan provinces in the southwest. Predominantly shrubs rising 4-5 meters high, “yunjin” has distinct leaves similar to those of loquats. The inflorescences emerge usually shortly after the beginning of summer. The blossoming phase only lasts about seven days, with colors varying from scarlet red to pink, purple and whitish and creating a surreal scene of dazzling hues.

One also has to count on his luck to relish the heavenly beauty when the entire mountaintop is ablaze with azalea in full bloom. When we were there, the riot of colors had been wiped out by a typhoon.

I knew I had missed this years azalea feast, but I was keen on seeing the forest with my own eyes. “It will be about 10 minutes walking from here, but how about taking a look at the queen azalea before that?” The tour guide advised. The climbing along the mountain footpath was not easy for us. The queen azalea the guide pointed out for us to see made the toilsome climbing worthwhile. “It normally takes a Yunjin tree 300 years to produce a branch,” the guide told us. The tree in front of us has four branches. Its lush crown rustled in a gust sweeping past, making me wonder how the world has changed in the past 1200 years and who was standing here and taking in the majestic scene just like me a thousand years ago.

On the weather-beaten bark is the trace of time. I felt an eerie kind of solitude wash over me. The tree must have also fascinated the Tang poet Li Bai and the Jin calligrapher Wang Xizhi. In the eye of Zhang Lianyuan, a poet of the early Qing (1644-1911), it is a shame that the beauty of the flowers could not be shared at the royal garden. There have been others who tried introducing the fine variety to a wider audience by taking it down the mountain.

The buds on the tree were big enough to be seen. “Just like human pregnancy, it takes the buds about nine months to turn into flowers,” the guide shared.

I was mesmerized by the scene. The queen azalea has become accustomed to the tranquility and nothingness in Mt. Tiantai in more than a thousand years. It is an antidote city dwellers crave for to survive urban worries and sufferings.

猜你喜欢

天台山云锦杜鹃
明清云锦色彩符号的探究及应用
南京云锦的故事
杜鹃红
天工云锦继梦涟漪佳地
杜鹃
百里杜鹃百里歌
百里杜鹃
雨中寻访天台山
南京云锦起源的研究