四川双流中学 蒋建平（特级教师）

感知·素养解读

【考纲解读】

研读近几年的《普通高等学校招生全国统一考试大纲》（英语）内容可知，高考英语阅读七选五主要考查考生对文章结构、内容以及上下文逻辑关系的理解和掌握，突出考查考生的语用能力：一是考查考生对文章的写作结构和脉络层次的理解；二是考查考生对文章事实信息和情节发展的理解；三是考查考生对作者的写作意图、态度和观点的理解等。

探究·专题技巧

【命题特点】

阅读七选五命题体现了《考试大纲》中关于阅读理解能力的第五项要求，即“理解文章的基本结构”。命题人从一篇文章中抽出主旨句、过渡句及细节句进行命题，其中从事实细节方面命题的比例较大。

文体特点 体的近 文三 章年 结高构严考全谨国、脉卷络阅清读晰七、选 层五 次的分明文章、逻体辑裁性大强多，数 便是 于说 考明 生文 在，阅偶读尔的会基有础议上论进文行和综记合叙理文解。。这类文选材特点 社会近 生几活、年体高育考介全绍国、未卷来阅规读划七、选商五务的管题理材、工大作多职贴业近等考内生容生。活，内容与时俱进，主要涉及文化教育、阅读材料一般是一篇长度为300 词左右的短文，其中正文为240 词左右，备选项为60 词左右。题目形式 七个选项都与短文相关，选项多为完整的句子，句型不一，长短不同，七个备选项通常由短到长排列。依据挖空位置，可将5 个题目分为段首题、段中题和段尾题；依据句子在文中的作用，可分为设题方式 “主旨概括句（涉及文章整体内容）”、“过渡句（反映文章结构）”和“细节注释句（反映上下文的逻辑关系）”三个类型。

【解题策略】

一、看图表

二、两判断

1.通过设题位置判断。

（1）段首设空一般找能概括本文中心意思的选项。

（2）段尾设空一般找能总结归纳该段的选项。

2.根据语境线索判断。语境线索主要指反映上下文关系的衔接手段,如篇章结构、词汇复现、同现、逻辑、连接、指代、同构等。

（1）“词汇复现”是为了保证文章前后衔接而经常使用的一种写作手段，即作者在文章上下文不同的位置对同一概念进行重复描述。词汇复现主要是指原词复现、同源词复现、同义词复现、近义词复现、反义词复现等。通过寻找复现词汇可迅速确定答案。

（2）“同现”是指跟此词汇相关或同一领域的词汇在文章中同时出现，达到语义衔接的目的。考生可以在选项中找到与此词汇最接近的词，从而快而准地确定答案。一般来说，上下文中词汇联系越接近，上下文的衔接关系就越紧密。

（3）“逻辑”是指事物之间存在的必然的关系,包括时间先后关系、空间位置关系、因果关系、归纳总结关系、总分关系等。

（4）“连接”是指用连接语表明上下文之间的逻辑关系,如and,however,therefore,as a result,thus,hence,in short,to sum up,in a word 等。

（5）“指代”是指用代词代替前文提到过的人物、事件、物品等,如it,he,she,they 等。

（6）“同构”是指上下文使用同一结构或类似的句子。

【考题调研】

1.（2018·全 国 丙 卷）Before there was the written word,there was the language of dance.Dance expresses love and hate,joy and sorrow,life and death,and everything else in between.

36We dance from Florida to Alaska,from north to south and sea to sea.We dance at weddings,birthdays,office parties and just to fill the time.

“I adore dancing,”says Lester Bridges,the owner of a dance studio in Iowa. “I can't imagine doing anything else with my life.”Bridges runs dance classes for all ages.“Teaching dance is wonderful.37It's great to watch them.For many of them,it's a way of meeting people and having a social life.”

38“I can tell you about one young couple,”says Bridges. “They're learning to do traditional dances.They arrive at the class in low spirits and they leave with a smile.39”

So，do we dance in order to make ourselves feel better, calmer, healthier? Andrea Hillier says,“Dance,like the pattern of a beating heart,is life.Even after all these years,I want to get better and better.40I find it hard to stop!Dancing reminds me I'm alive.”

A.So why do we dance?

B.Dance in the U.S.is everywhere.

C.If you like dancing outdoors,come to America.

D.My older students say it makes them feel young.

E.I keep practicing even when I'm extremely tired.

F.Dancing seems to change their feeling completely.

G.They stayed up all night long singing and dancing.

【答案】36.B 37.D 38.A 39.F 40.E

【答案解析】

36.可用关联逻辑法解题。根据空后的句子“We dance from Florida to Alaska,from north to south and sea to sea.We dance at weddings,birthdays, office parties and just to fill the time.”可知，舞蹈在美国到处都有，故选项B 符合语境。

37.可用词汇锁定法解题。D 项中的them指代My older students。空后的两个them 也指代My older students。

38. 可用关联逻辑法解题。 由本段中的“They arrive at the class in low spirits and they leave with a smile.”可知，跳舞可以让原本情绪低落的他们变得开心，故A 项（那么我们为什么跳舞呢？）符合语境。

39.可用关联逻辑法解题。 由上句“They arrive at the class in low spirits and they leave with a smile.”可知，他们跳完舞后，精神状态发生了很大的变化，故F 项（舞蹈似乎完全改变了他们的心情。）符合语境。

40. 可用关联逻辑法解题。 由空后的“I find it hard to stop！”可知E 项（我即使在极其疲惫的时候，也坚持练习。）符合语境。

2.（2019·全国乙卷)

Is Fresh Air Really Good for You?

We all grew up hearing people tell us to“go out and get some fresh air.”36According to recent studies,the answer is a big YES,if the air quality in your camping area is good.

37If the air you're breathing is clean—which it would be if you're away from the smog of cities—then the air is filled with lifegiving,energizing oxygen.If you exercise out of doors, your body will learn to breathe more deeply,allowing even more oxygen to get to your muscles(肌肉)and your brain.

Recently,people have begun studying the connection between the natural world and healing (治愈).38In these places patients can go to be near nature during their recovery.It turns out that just looking at green,growing things can reduce stress,lower blood pressure,and put people into a better mood（情绪）.Greenery is good for us.Hospital patients who see tree branches out their window are likely to recover at a faster rate than patients who see buildings or sky instead.39It gives us a great feeling of peace.

40While the sun's rays can age and harm our skin,they also give us beneficial Vitamin D.To make sure you get enough Vitamin D—but still protect your skin—put on sunscreen right as you head outside.It takes sunscreen about fifteen minutes to start working,and that's plenty of time for your skin to absorb a day's worth of Vitamin D.

A.Fresh air cleans our lungs.

B.So what are you waiting for?

C.Being in nature refreshes us.

D.Another side benefit of getting fresh air is sunlight.

E.But is fresh air really as good for you as your mother always said?

F.Just as importantly,we tend to associate fresh air with health care.

G.All across the country,recovery centers have begun building Healing Gardens.

【答案】36.E 37.A 38.G 39.C 40.D

【答案解析】

36.根据本段第一句话“人们总是让我们出去呼吸新鲜空气”和空后一句“回答是肯定的”可知，此处应填入一个一般疑问句，即“新鲜空气果真如妈妈总说的那样好吗？”

37. 文章开头讲述了新鲜空气对人有好处，那接下来应该介绍具体的好处。空白处应是本段的总起句。通过阅读本段后面部分可知，本段主要讲述了远离城市雾霾，到大自然中呼吸新鲜空气给人体带来的好处。而对人体呼吸和氧气供应有影响的器官，就是肺。只有肺里清洁，呼吸才能畅通无阻，才能让人充满活力。由此推断，选项A 更符合常识以及本段大意。

38.本段空后提到In these places 可知，空处应该是某个地点。此外，本段第一句提到研究人员在研究自然环境和疾病痊愈之间的关系，那么紧接着应该要建立这种接近自然的康复中心，因此选G。

39.从本段的In these places 一直到此空前，作者描述了接近大自然的患者康复更快，再结合此空后“这给了我们平和宁静”可知，此处应为总结句，描述大自然的作用，因此选C。

40.该空后一句提到，尽管太阳光线会使人的皮肤老化、受损，但也能提供有益人体的维生素D。由此可知，空处应该与太阳光线有关，因此选D。

【高频考点】

考点1：问题设在段首

1.通常是段落主题句

假如问题出现在段首，那么它通常是段落主题句。认真阅读后文内容，根据段落一致性原则，查找同义词或其他相关的词，推断出主题句。

2.与后文之间是并列、转折、因果关系等

着重阅读后文第一、二句，锁定线索信息词，然后在选项中查找相关特征词，通常正确答案与空后的第一句在意思上是紧密衔接的，因此这两句之间会有某种形式的衔接手段。

3.可能是段落间的过渡句

这时要瞻前顾后找启示，即阅读上一段结尾部分，通常正确答案与上一段结尾能有机地衔接起来，并结合下一段内容，看所选的答案是否能将两段内容连贯起来。

【试题调研】

（2018·全国乙卷）...But good news is that there're really only three kinds of decisions you need to make about color in your home: the small ones, the medium ones, and the large ones.

38.They're the little spots of color like throw pillows,mirrors and baskets that most of us use to add visual interest to our rooms.Less tiring than painting your walls and less expensive than buying a colorful sofa, small color choices bring with them the significant benefit of being easily changeable.

Medium color choices are generally furniture pieces such as sofas,dinner tables or bookshelves...

The large color decisions in your rooms concern the walls,ceilings,and floors...

D.Small color choices are the ones we're most familiar with

E.It's not really a good idea to use too many small color pieces

【答案解析】D。本空是一个主题句。上一段提到了由“小、中、大”三种规模物品的颜色选择，而下文依次讲述的是“中、大”两种规模物品的颜色选择，故本段介绍的是“小规模物品的颜色选择”，所以D 项为本段的主题句。

考点2：问题设在段尾

1.通常是结论，概括性语句

注意在选项中查找表示结果、结论、总结等的信息词，如therefore、as a result、thus、hence、in short、to sum up、to conclude、in a word 等 词语，选项中也可发现前文的同义词句。

2.与前文之间是转折或对比关系

此时要注意在选项中查找表示转折、对比的关联词，同时注意选项中所讲内容是否与前文在同一主题上形成转折、对比关系。

3.与前文之间是并列或递进关系

在这种情况下，通常是该段落要求补全说明本段主题的其他细节。因此，根据段落一致性原则，在原文和选项中找到相关的特征词。通常选项中会出现表示并列或递进关系的关联词或与前文类似的句式结构，或出现同义词等其他线索。

4.所选答案是引出下一段的内容

如果在选项中找不出与前文之间的关联，此时可考虑与下一段开头是否有一定的衔接。认真阅读下一段开头几句，看是否与正确选项紧密衔接。

5.如果第一段的段尾是空白， 要认真阅读，看此处是细节还是全文主题。

通常文章第一段要提出文章的主题，如果在段尾提出主题，会用一些信息词，如转折词引出来，正确答案应有这样的特征词。

【试题调研】

（2017·全国 乙 卷）If anyone had told me three years ago that I would be spending most of my weekends camping,I would have laughed heartily.Campers,in my eyes,were people who enjoyed insect bites,ill-cooked meals,and uncomfortable sleeping bags.They had nothing in common with me.36

The friends who introduced me to camping thought that it meant to be a pioneer...

B.Things are going to be improved.

D.I was to learn a lot about camping since then,however.

【答案解析】D。本题为段尾题。空前一句说“他们与我没有共同之处”，空后一段讲述了作者的一次野营，前后之间存在转折关系，所以此处需要填一个承上启下的转折句，这与D 项中的however 相呼应。

考点3：问题设在段中

如果问题设在段中，则通常从语境和逻辑两方面设题，或设空在上下文有密切关系的句子中。这通常考查过渡句和细节注释句，注意所选选项要在语境方面与原文无缝衔接。要学会分析一个段落内部的层次，也就是语篇层次。段落之间的发展靠句际间意义的结合，以及句际间的关联词、逻辑性插入语来连接。做题时要特别注意体现时间、原因、方式、转折等逻辑关系的语篇标志词（关联词）。

【试题调研】

（2017·全国乙卷）The friends who introduced me to camping thought that it meant to be a pioneer.37We slept in a tent,cooked over an open fire,and walked a long distance to take the shower and use the bathroom. This brief visit with Mother Nature cost me two days off from work,recovering from a bad case of sunburn and the doctor's bill for my son's food poisoning.

B.Things are going to be improved.

C.The trip they took me on was a rough one.

【答案解析】C。此题设在段中，考查细节注释句。根据下文可知，这次野营活动从住宿、饮食到洗澡都很艰苦，故选C 项，对下文进行注释、概括。