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一种零纹波耦合电感高增益DC-DC变换器

2019-10-30梁文娟谭国东陈浩胡雪峰

哈尔滨理工大学学报 2019年4期

梁文娟 谭国东 陈浩 胡雪峰

摘 要:针对光伏电池输出电压低的缺点,提出了一种零纹波耦合电感高增益DC-DC变换器。该变换器基于传统boost引入耦合电感技术,改善电压增益;耦合电感的原边采用二极管电容无源钳位,既有吸收漏感能量的功能,又能延展变换器的工作占空比;耦合电感的副边引入的开关电容倍压单元在进一步扩展了电压增益的同时,将功率器件的电压应力钳位于较低水平,从而可以选用通态电阻小、电压等级低的高性能MOSFET,有助于改善系统效率。此外,较低的输入电流纹波,降低了变换器的损耗和对输入电源的电磁干扰。详细分析了该变换器的工作原理及稳态特性,并搭建了一台实验样机,验证了理论分析的正确性。

关键词:零纹波;无源钳位;耦合电感;开关电容;高增益

DOI:10.15938/j.jhust.2019.04.003

中图分类号: TM46

文献标志码: A

文章编号: 1007-2683(2019)04-0014-08

Abstract:In this paper, a high voltage gain DC-DC converter with coupled inductor and ripple free is proposed for low voltage renewable energy generation system,such as photovoltaic, fuel cell and so on.The coupling inductor technology is introduced on the basis of the traditional boost converter to improve the voltage gain. Diode capacitor passive clamp was introduced to primary side of the coupled-inductor which has the function of recovering the leakage energy and helps to extend the converter duty cycle. The switching capacitor voltage doubling unit was introduced to the secondary of the coupling inductor, the voltage gain is improved and the voltage stress of the power devices is clamped at a relatively low level which can use low resistance, low voltage level MOSFETs to improve the efficiency of the converter. In addition, the low input current ripple improving the efficiency, which reduces the loss of the converter and the electromagnetic interference to the input power supply. The operating principle and steady-state property are discussed in detail. Finally, a prototype is built to verify the theoretical analysis.

Keywords:zero-ripple; passive clamping; coupled-inductor; switched capacitor; high voltage gain

0 引言

當前,光伏电池、燃料电池等低压可再生能源发电受到了广泛重视[1-2]。由于光伏电池和燃料电池的输出为较低的直流电压,需将多个发电单元串联才能够达到并网逆变器对输入电压等级的要求。但这种方案运营的可靠性较差,后期维护成本高。另外,输入电流纹波的大小也会明显影响光伏、燃料电池的发电效率和使用周期。因此,研究应用于光伏、燃料电池发电系统中的输入电流纹波小、电压增益高的高性能升压变流器具有现实意义。

近几年来,国内外学者对高增益boost变换器进行了广泛研究,主要提出了以下几种提高直流变换器增益的方案:①采用多变换器级联[3-6],级联后的变换器增益明显提升,但导致控制难度和体积的增大,降低了变换器的效率;②采用开关电容倍压单元[7-10],可以实现较高的电压增益,降低各单元的电压应力,但也因电容的充放电带来了较大的尖峰电流,故无法应用于高功率场合;③采用耦合电感升压技术[11-14],随着耦合电感匝比的提高会获得较好的升压特性,但会对主开关产生较高的电压应力,且漏感能量不能被有效地回收。另外,输入电流纹波大是传统的耦合电感DC/DC变换器普遍存在的缺点,为此,文[15]采用在变换器的前端加入无源纹波消除电路抑制了电流纹波,但结构较为复杂,导致变换器体积、成本的增大,效率降低;文[16-17]采用交错并联技术降低了电流纹波,但存在控制难度高,且仅在某一固定占空比下工作时才能实现输入电流零纹波,结构可调节性较差;文[18-20]在所提变换器中加入耦合电感零纹波方案,有效降低了输入电流纹波,然而实现零纹波输入电流依赖于耦合电感的耦合系数,故而设计较为困难。

为解决上述问题,本文提出了一种新颖的零纹波DC-DC变换器。采用耦合电感和多倍压单元技术,扩展电压增益范围,同时减小开关器件的电压应力。为消除输入电流纹波带来的危害,引入辅助电感和加入辅助电容,在不改变原有变换器的升压特性的前提下,实现输入电流的近似零纹波。

1 所研究變换器拓扑及其工作原理

1.1 所研究变换器的拓扑结构

图1为本文所提出的变换器的原理结构图。其中输入电压源为Vin,辅助电感为L,主开关为S,稳压电容为C4,输出电容为CO,负载为RO;VC1、VC2、VC3、VC4分别为电容C1、C2、C3、C4两端电压;VL、VD1、VD2、VD3、VD4分别为电感L、二极管D1、D2、D3、D4两端电压;iL为流经电感L的电流;耦合感采用励磁电感Lm、漏感Lk和理想变压器组成的等效模型如图2所示,其中匝比Np/Ns=n。其中C2、C3构成开关电容倍压单元,稳压电容C4既具有保持电压增益的功能,又能在引入辅助电感L后实现输入电流近似零纹波。

2 稳态工作性能分析

2.1 CCM模式下稳态性能

2.1.1 电压增益性能

因暂模态不影响变换器电压增益特性,故在分析中只考虑主开关开和关两种状态的常模态。当主开关S开通时,其表达式为

5 结 论

本文提出了一种基于耦合电感的零纹波高增益DC-DC变换器,并给出其工作原理和稳态特性的详细分析。实验结果表明,所提出的零纹波变换器具有以下优点:

1)解决了单开关耦合电感高增益BOOST变换器的输入电流纹波较大的问题,同时增加了调节升压变比的控制自由度。

2)开关倍压电路的引入既有助于提高电压增益,又具有钳位作用,有效降低了功率开关器件的电压应力。可以选用低功耗的功率开关。

3)耦合电感原副边漏感能量均可以得到循环利用,有助于改善变换器的转换效率。

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