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让“虚拟语气”不再“虚无缥缈”

2019-07-31河南特级教师

教学考试(高考英语) 2019年4期
关键词:条件句虚拟语气原形

河南 (特级教师)

在英语中,虚拟语气的运用随处可见,它在英语语法中也占有较大的分量。但由于英、汉两种语言在结构形式上的差别,加上虚拟语气备考教学没有抓住关键,使得学生感觉虚拟语气语言现象“虚无缥缈”,对其似懂非懂,学习和掌握起来相当困难。本文旨在对虚拟语气知识点进行归纳提炼,以帮助高三师生在一轮复习阶段有效备考。

一、正确了解和认识英语虚拟语气

语气是一种动词形式,表示说话者的意图和目的。在英语中有四种语气:

1.陈述语气:表示所说的话是一个事实或一个想法。如:

Tom is studying the subjunctive mood very hard.汤姆在认真学习虚拟语气。

2.疑问语气:用来提出问题。如:

Can you think of a comedian who really turns you off?你能想出一位确实让你反感的喜剧演员吗?

3.祈使语气:表示所说的话是请求、邀请、警告或命令。如:

Please hand me the eraser.请把橡皮擦递给我。

Turn left and you canfind the library.左转你就会找到图书馆。

4.虚拟语气:表示所说的话是一种难以实现的主观愿望或与事实不符的假设/建议/命令、指令/要求等。如:

I wish I were twenty years younger.我真希望我可以年轻二十岁。(难以实现的主观愿望)

If they had reached the beach, they would probably have been killed.如果他们到达了海滩,很可能就被杀害了。(与过去事实不符的假设)

They suggested that a meeting should be held.他们建议开个会。(建议)

He accordingly directed that preparations be made to put the blockage into effect on Monday.于是,他指示做好准备,以使封锁在星期一生效。(指令)

The commander demanded that all the soldiers should get to the destination before 4 o'clock.指挥官要求所有的士兵在四点前到达目的地。(要求)

在上述四种语气当中,祈使语气中的谓语动词用动词原形。陈述语气、疑问语气需根据时态确定谓语动词的形式。而虚拟语气则要根据不同的句式确定谓语动词的形式。一句话,语气体现在谓语动词的形式上。

二、英语中常见虚拟语气句式盘点

(一)虚拟语气在条件状语从句中的用法

1.如果条件状语从句所表示的假设不可能实现或与事实相反,则从句和主句皆用虚拟语气。这是判断条件状语从句和主句中用不用虚拟语气的依据。虚拟语气的动词形式见下表:

动词形式表达的含义 条件状语从句中的谓语动词形式 主句中的谓语动词形式与现在事实相反 1.过去式(be的过去式用were)2.过去进行式 would/should/could/might +动词原形与过去事实相反 1.had + 过去分词2.could have + 过去分词(含有“能够”的意思) would/should/could/might + have + 过去分词与将来事实相反1.过去式(be的过去式用were)2.were to + 动词原形3.should + 动词原形would/should/could/might +动词原形

举例如下:

【例1】If it were summer,we would go swimming.如果现在是夏天,我们就去游泳。(现在不是夏天)

【例2】If they had time, they would/could/might go to see thefilm.如果他们有时间,他们就会/就能/也许去看电影。(他们现在没时间)

【例3】If it were not raining so hard now, we'd go to town.要不是现在雨下得这么大,我们就进城去。(现在雨下得大)

【例4】(2017年北京卷34,改编)If the new safety system had been put to use, the accident would never have happened.如果新的安全制度付诸实施了,事故就不会发生了。(过去没有实施新的安全制度)

【例5】If we could have borrowed enough money yesterday,we would have bought the house.如果昨天能够借到足够的钱,我们就把房子买下了。(昨天没有借到足够的钱)

【例6】If it rained tomorrow, I would stay at home.如果明天下雨,我会留在家里。(事实上明天下雨的可能性不大)

【例7】If I were to do the work, I should do it in a different way.如果我去做这项工作,我会以不同的方式去做。(要去做这项工作的不是我)

【例8】If it should rain, the crops could be saved.如果下雨,庄家可能就有救了。(下雨的可能性不大)

注意:主句中的should只用于第一人称,但在美式英语中,should常被would代替;从句中的should可用于各种人称。

2.使用虚拟条件句应该注意的几个问题:

(1)省略if,从句使用倒装句式

当虚拟条件句中含有were, had或should时,可以省略连词if,但要把were, had或should 提到句首,变为倒装句式。如:

【例9】(2017年江苏卷22,改编)Were it not for the support of the teachers,the student could not overcome her difficulty.要不是因为老师们的支持,这位学生就不能克服她的困难。(原句为:If it were not for the support of the teachers,the student could not overcome her difficulty.)

【例10】(2015年江苏卷28,改编)It might have saved me some trouble had I known the schedule.如果我知道了计划,也许会省掉一些麻烦。(原句为:It might have saved me some trouble if I had known the schedule.)

【例11】(2014年福建卷32,改编)Were there no modern telecommunications,we would have to wait for weeks to get news from around the world.如果没有现代通讯,我们将不得不等待几周的时间才能获得世界各地的消息。(原句为:If there were no modern telecommunications,we would have to wait for weeks to get news from around the world.)

【例12】If it should rain, the crops could be saved.万一下雨,庄稼就能得救。(可以变为:Should it rain,the crops could be saved.)

(2)错综时间虚拟条件句

当条件状语从句表示的动作或行为和主句表示的动作或行为所发生的时间不一致时,其被称为“错综时间虚拟条件句”,动词的形式要根据它所表示的时间做出相应的调整。如:

【例13】If you had studied harder, you would be a university student now.如果你能更努力学习,你现在就会是一名大学生了。(从句与过去事实相反,主句与现在事实相反)

(3)含蓄条件句

有时,为了表达的需要,在含有虚拟语气的句子中并不总是出现if引导的条件句,而是通过其他手段来代替条件状语从句。主要有下面几种情况:

①虚拟条件句隐含在上下文中。如:

【例14】You could have caught thefirst bus but you got up late.你本来是能够赶上第一班车的,但是你起床晚了。(根据语境省去了条件句if you had got up earlier)

②用一个词代替条件状语从句。如:

【例15】He was too busy yesterday; otherwise he would have gone to thefilm.他昨天太忙了。要不然的话,他会去看电影的。(otherwise = if he hadn't been too busy yesterday)

【例16】(2015年安徽卷32,改编)It is lucky we booked a room, or we would have nowhere to stay now.很幸运,我们预订到了房间。不然的话,我们就没有地方住了。(or = if we hadn't booked a room)

③用不定式代替条件状语从句。如:

【例17】It would be a mistake not to stop him giving up the job.不阻止他放弃这个工作将是一个错误。(not to stop him giving up the job = if we didn't stop him giving up the job)

④用介词短语代替条件状语从句。如:

【例18】(2015年重庆卷7,改编)Without his wartime experiences, Hemingway wouldn't have written his famous novel A Farewell to Arms.如果没有他的战时经历,海明威就不会写出他著名的小说《永别了,武器》。(Without his wartime experiences = If he hadn't had his wartime experiences)

【例19】But for the heavy snow, we would go skating.要不是下大雪,我们就会去滑冰。(But for the heavy snow = If it were not for the heavy snow)

【例20】We could have done it better under more favourable conditions.如果在更有利的条件下,我们能把它做得更好。(under more favourable conditions = if we had been under more favourable conditions )

⑤用分词短语代替条件状语从句。如:

【例21】Given more time, they could havefinished the paper.如果给他们更多的时间,他们就能够完成论文。(Given more time = If they had been given more time )

【例22】Meeting him somewhere else, I wouldn't have recognized him.如果在别处见面,我就不会认出他。(Meeting him somewhere else = If I had met him somewhere else)

⑥用独立主格结构代替条件状语从句。如:

【例23】Everything taken into consideration, the accident wouldn't have happened.如果把一切都考虑进去,事故就不会发生。(Everything taken into consideration = If everything had been taken into consideration)

(二)虚拟语气在某些名词性从句中的用法

在下列名词性从句中,谓语动词用虚拟语气,动词形式用“should + 动词原形”,也可以省略should,只用动词原形。

1.在动词suggest, advise, propose, recommend, move (建议,提议),order, command, instruct(指导), direct(指示),demand, require, request, insist(要求), urge(力劝,主张,要求), ask(要求), long(渴望)等后的宾语从句中。如:

【例24】The doctor suggested/insisted that she(should)stay in bed for a few days.医生建议她卧床休息几天。

注意:当suggest作“暗示,表明”,insist作“坚持说”解时,其后的宾语从句不能用虚拟语气。如:

Jack insisted that he had never stolen anything.Jack坚持说没有偷任何东西。

2.在名词 suggestion, advice, proposal, recommendation,motion( 提 议), order, instruction, direction, requirement,request等后由that引导的同位语从句中,或当这些名词作主语时,在其后由that引导的表语从句中。如:

【例25】We accepted his suggestion that we(should)carry out the programme.他建议我们执行计划,我们接受了。(同位语从句)

【例26】His advice is that we(should)pay a visit to the West Lake.他建议我们去游西湖。(表语从句)

注意:The suggestion that he raised is helpful to us.他提出的建议对我们很有用。(定语从句,不用虚拟语气)

3.在It is/was suggested/advised/proposed/ordered/demanded/required等后的主语从句中。如:

【例27】It is suggested that the patient(should)be sent to hospital at once.有人建议将病人马上送往医院。

【例28】It was required that a new school(should)be built for the left-behind children.人们要求为留守儿童建一所新学校。

4.在“It is necessary(important, strange, natural)that...”这类句型里,that所引导的主语从句中的谓语动词常用“(should)+ 动词原形”结构,表示某事是“必要的”“重要的”“奇怪的”“自然的”等意义。如:

【例29】It's important that we(should)study English every day.每天都学习英语对我们来说很重要。

(三)虚拟语气在wish后的宾语从句中的运用

表示与现在或过去的事实相反的愿望或对将来的主观愿望,wish后的宾语从句中用虚拟语气,通常省略引导词that。动词形式的确定方法如下:

从句动词形式表达的含义宾语从句中谓语动词的形式表示与现在事实相反的愿望 过去式(be的过去式用were)或过去进行式表示与过去事实相反的愿望 had +过去分词或could have +过去分词表示将来难以实现的愿望 would/could/might +动词原形

举例如下:

【例30】(2015年陕西卷23,改编)Ellen is a fantastic dancer.I wish I danced as well as her.Ellen是个极好的舞蹈演员。我希望我能跳得和她一样好。

【例31】(2015年天津卷13,改编)I wish I had been at my sister's wedding last Tuesday,but I was on a business trip in New York then.我希望我上周二参加了姐姐的婚礼,但是我当时在纽约出差。

【例32】I had an important meeting yesterday and couldn't attend your birthday party.How I wish I could have gone to it!我昨天有个重要的会议,无法参加你的生日聚会。我多希望我能去参加呀!

【例33】We wish we could be astronauts and fly to the moon.我们希望我们将来能成为宇航员,飞上月球。

(四)虚拟语气在其他句式中的运用

1.在“It is(high/about/really)time that...”句型中,谓语动词使用过去式或“should + 动词原形”,should不能省略。例如:

【例34】It is(high/about/really)time that we went to bed.我们该上床睡觉了。

【例35】It is time that we should begin the meeting.我们该开始开会了。

2.用would rather/had rather表示“宁愿,但愿”,后面的宾语从句要使用虚拟语气,用过去式表示对现在或将来的愿望,用过去完成式表示对过去所发生的事情的懊悔。例如:

【例36】(2014年陕西卷23,改编)We would rather our daughter stayed at home with us,but it is her choice,and she is not a child any longer.我们宁愿女儿和我们待在家里,但这是她的选择,她不再是个孩子了。(对现在表达愿望)

【例37】I would rather you came next month.我宁愿你下个月来。(对将来表达愿望)

【例38】I would rather you hadn't accepted his help.我宁愿你没有接受他的帮助。(对过去发生过的事情表示遗憾、后悔)

3.在as if或as though引导的从句中

由as if或as though引导的从句,如果从句所说与事实不符或实现的可能性很小,则从句用虚拟语气。从句的谓语动词用过去式(be动词用were)表示与现在或当时的情况不符;用“had + 过去分词”表示与过去的情况不符;用“would/could/might +动词原形”表示与将来的情况不符。如:

【例39】He speaks English as if he were an American.他说英语就好像他是美国人一样。(与现在的情况不符)

【例40】They talked to each other as if they were close friends.他们交谈着,好像他们是亲密的朋友一样。(与过去当时的情况不符)

【例41】They are talking to each other as if they had been close friends for a long time.他们正在交谈着,好像他们是亲密的老朋友一样。(与现在之前的情况不符)

【例42】They were talking to each other as if they had been close friends for a long time.他们像亲密的老朋友一样正在交谈着。(与过去某时之前的情况不符)

4.在“if only...!”后的从句中

句式“if only...!”表示“要是……该有多好呀!”,表达的是与事实不符的愿望。这时,后面的从句要用虚拟语气。用过去式或过去进行式表示对现在的愿望;用“had +过去分词”表示对过去的事情感到遗憾、后悔;用“would +动词原形”表示对将来的愿望。例如:

【例43】If only I were ten years younger!要是我年轻十岁就好了。(对现在的愿望)

【例44】If only he had comefive minutes earlier!要是他早来五分钟就好了。(对过去发生过的事情表示遗憾、后悔)

【例45】If only it would becomefine weather tomorrow!要是明天是晴天该有多好呀!(对将来的愿望)

5.在某些用于表示祝愿的固定句式中。例如:

【例46】May you have a pleasant journey! 祝你旅途愉快!(使用倒装句式)

【例47】Long live our motherland!祖国万岁!(使用动词原形和倒装句式)

综上所述,英语虚拟语气复习备考要抓住关键,教师必须让学生明白三件事:(1)什么是虚拟语气?(2)何时用虚拟语气?(3)如何使用虚拟语气?三者缺一不可。这里面最关键的就是如何使用虚拟语气,即如何确定谓语动词的形式。教师要让学生明白使用虚拟语气是有条件的,虚拟语气有固定的句式,每个句式都有其确定动词形式的方法,并且必须牢记这些方法。只要在虚拟语气复习备考中抓住这些关键,虚拟语气便不再“虚无缥缈”,虚拟语气的复习备考问题便可迎刃而解。

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