湖北宜昌天问国际学校 王 晶

遣词的原则是准确恰当、符合习惯、生动形象。英语的词汇相当丰富，同义词近义词很多，因此，只有准确选词，力求语言地道、规范，文章才能备受阅卷老师的青睐。look forward to代替hope等。

例5 We had better make full use of something inexpensive.(make full use of比use高级)

例6 Finally he caught sight of the young man's light overcoat in the distance.（catch sight of比see生动）

例7 I'm looking forward to your visit next week.(look forward to比hope高级)

3.挖掘“味感”词汇

有的单词很常见，且“洋味”十足，表达地道，非常有“味感”,这类词也被视为高级词汇。如share,view,drive等。

例8 The four of us share one dormitory.(share比live in更有“味感”)

例9 We can view the problem in many ways.(view比look at更有内涵)

例10 The noise next to the door drove me mad.(drive比make更地道)

三、英语与汉语用词的差异

英语语言中相当多的单词往往是“一词多类“或“一词多义”。由于文化背景不同，英语与汉语中的词汇意义是有差别的，要想在这两种语言中求得词汇意义完全对等并不是件容易的事情。

1.中式英语

许多考生由于不知道、不熟悉或一时想不起书面表达中所需要的词汇，便用他们自己所熟悉的英语单词，借助汉语思维造出令人啼笑皆非、五花八门的中

一、基本词语的灵活选用

在用词正确的前提下，多用生动形象的词语，以增强语言的表现力和感染力。

例1下着倾盆大雨。

→It is raining cats and dogs.(cats and dogs比heavily更形象)

例2我现在忙得不可开交。

→I am as busy as a bee now.(as busy as a bee比very busy更有表现力)

二、高级词汇的合理使用

高级词汇主要是指《考试大纲》中没有列入的，但在实际运用中使用较频繁的词汇。大纲中较常用词汇通过构词法形成的词也属于高级词汇。

1.掌握纲外词汇

有些单词在英语《考试大纲》中确实未出现，但在阅读时经常碰到。如annoyed，currently等。

例3 He was annoyed that she had forgotten his birthday.(annoyed比angry高级)

例4 China is currently in the primary stage of socialism.(currently比now高级)

2.挖掘可替代词汇

使用词组、习语来代替简单枯燥的词汇。如用make full use of代替 use，catch sight of代替 see，国式英语。如将跳水(dive)说成jump water；将学费(fee)说成study money；将今天早上(this morning)说成（today morning）；将一天早上(one morning)说成one day morning。

例11我的家乡发生了巨大的变化。

→My hometown has a large/great change.（×）

很显然，此句中的large和great是受汉语思维影响而产生的错误，应改为:

My hometownhaschangedalot./Great changes have taken place in my hometown.

例12我的家乡变得越来越美丽。

My hometown has changed more and more beautiful.（×）

本句中的change一词并非系动词，其后不能接表语，应改为:

My hometown has become more and more beautiful.

2.词性使用混乱

例13做兼职影响学习。

→Doing a part-time job always effects study.(×)

本句中的effect和另一个词affect都有“影响”的意思，但前者是名词，后者是动词。该句应使用动词affect作谓语。在英语中，由于词性不同，单词所起的语法功能也就不同。考生在英文写作时往往把名词和动词混为一谈。应改为：

Doing a part-time job always affects study.

3.动态、状态不分

例14我们结婚两年了。

We married for two years.(×)

本句中的marry是一个非延续性的动词，表示的是动作而不是状态，所以不能与一段时间连用。应改为：

We have been married for two years.

例15街上有许多车辆，过马路时要小心。

→There are many cars on the road.Be careful while crossing the road.（×）

本句中的car表示处于静止状态的“车”，若表示动态的“车”应该用traffic。应改为：

There is a lot of traffic on the road.Be careful while crossing the road.

四、使用英语词汇应注意的几点

1.汉语没有英语那么多的曲折变化

(1)英语动词时态的曲折变化在汉语里没有相应的形式。

例16他爸爸想去美国，可是没成功。

（×）His father wanted to go to America but fail.

（√）His father wanted to go to America but failed.

例17自从我们分手后，什么事情也没发生。

（×）Nothing happened since we parted.

（√）Nothing has happened since we parted.

（2）英语名词复数的曲折变化在汉语里没有相应的形式。

例18老师给了我许多建议。

（×）The teacher gave me many advices.

（√）The teacher gave me many pieces of advice.

例19她是我们学校最优秀的学生之一。

（×）She is one of the most successful student in our school.

（√）She is one of the most successful students in our school.

(3)英语代词的曲折变化在汉语里没有相应的形式。

最常见的错误是该用宾格的地方用主格。考生常常忽略I与me,he与him,she与her的区别,因为汉语里没有这种区别。

例20除他以外,我没有别的朋友。

（×）I have no friend but he.

（√）I have no friend but him.

例21这件事是我做的。

（×）It is me that have done this work.

（√）It is I that have done this work.

2.注意中文无而英文有的现象

（1）冠词是英语句子里的一个重要部分。当名词前没有所有格形式时，如果指一类东西中的一个或几个特定事物，要使用定冠词；如果指一类事物中任何一个，就用不定冠词。在汉语中，没有词汇和冠词（a/an/the）相当，因此在翻译时，要注意在需要的地方用冠词。

例22我们在随后的那个礼拜去了上海。

（×）We went to Shanghai next week.

（√）We went to Shanghai the next week.

例23架子上的大部分书是小说。

（×）Most of books on shelf are novels.

（√）Most of the books on the shelf are novels.

（2）在比较时，英语常用“that”或“those”代替同类相比的事物以避免重复，即要把两样相比的事物对称地说出，而汉语可以省略,且其意义可以很清楚。

例24他的藏书比我的多。

（×）The books he has collected are more than me.

（√）The books he has collected are more than those of mine.

3.语法功能词在中英文中的不对等性

（1）英语常用连接词来连接词、短语、句子，而汉语可以省略。这一差异造成中国考生汉译英或使用英语时经常写出病句。

例25老师问了我一个问题，我不会回答。

（×）The teacher asked me a question,I couldn't answer it.

（√）The teacher asked me a question,and/but I couldn't answer it.

例26我没出去，待在家里看书。

（×）I didn't go out,I stayed home and read books.

（√）I didn't go out;instead,I stayed home and read books.

（2）either...or；neither...nor；so(...)that等都与汉语存在差异。汉语中相似的意思在英语中用不同的句法结构表示，这就给中国考生的英语写作带来了困难。

例27他不抽烟，也不喝酒。

→He neither smokes nor drinks.

（3）汉语中注重关联词的成对使用，如“因为……,所以……”，“虽然……,但是……”，“尽管……,还/仍……”等，但英语不能对等翻译,且有别的说法。

例28因为我的车坏在路上，所以我来晚了。

Because my car broke down on the way,I came late.（The reason why I came late was that my car broke down on the way.）

（4）英语介词远比汉语介词活跃。例29有人敲门。

（×）Someone is knocking the door.

（√）Someone is knocking at the door.

例30在老师的帮助下，我的英语取得了进步。（×）Under the teacher’s help，I have made progress in my English.

（√）With the teacher’s help,I have made progress in my English.

即时训练选词填空

1.I_________(forgot,left)my keys in the car when I got off the car.

2.Martin Luther King,a great black leader in the movement against racial discrimination, was__________(awarded,rewarded)the Nobel Peace Prize for his outstanding contribution to world peace.

3.We__________(arrived,arrived at)the railway station at noon.

4.If you come across a(n)__________(known，unknown)English word,youcanrefertoyour e-dictionary to find its meaning.

5.It is reported that by the end of next week the price will have_________(raised,risen)by about 10%.

6.Whenever we are in trouble,we should never lose___________(heart,hearts).

7.Have you sent thank-you notes to the relatives from whom you___________(received,accepted)gifts?