□ 文/本刊记者 刘丁睿

2018年是外交官拯救犹太人80周年纪念，为缅怀犹太人大屠杀遇难者，7月8日至8月8日，以色列驻成都总领事馆在重庆图书馆举办《超越职责——“国际义人”中的外交官》主题历史展。展览内容为第二次世界大战期间21个国家36位正义外交官帮助犹太人的故事，包括中国人何凤山、意大利人乔治·佩拉斯卡、巴西人路易斯·马丁斯·德索萨·丹塔斯等。以色列驻成都副总领事崔梧蕤，重庆市政府外事侨务办领事处处长范青，重庆图书馆党委书记、馆长任竞出席展览开幕仪式。

《超越职责——“国际义人”中的外交官》主题历史展在重庆图书馆展出。 摄影/刘丁睿

The year 2018 marks the 80th anniversary of the event in which diplomats saved the Jews. To commemorate the holocaust victims, a historical exhibition will be held in Chongqing Library by Israel Consulate General in Chengdu from July 8 to August 8. What can be seen are stories about 36 righteous diplomats from 21 countries, such as He Fengshan(China), Giorgio Perlasca(Italy), Louis Massimi Desouza Dantas(Brazil), to name a few. Uri Zirinski, Deputy Consul General of Israel in Chengdu, Fan Qing, Director of Consular Section of Foreign and Overseas Chinese Affairs Office of Chongqing People’s Government, the secretary and curator of Chongqing Library Party Committee attended the opening ceremony.

观众被展览深深吸引。 摄影/刘丁睿

崔梧蕤在主题展致辞时称，作为外交官，职责就是加强国与国之间的关系，并在人民之间传递友谊。本次展览讲述的是在人类历史最黑暗时期，外交官们超越职责的故事。他们在那个动荡的时代，冒着个人危险和职业风险，帮助一些人从死亡的包围中逃脱出来。有些外交官为此付出了高昂的代价，甚至献出了生命。“这个展览为了感谢他们的无私无畏，也献给大屠杀的幸存者，他们的坚韧和力量激励着人们不断向前。”

犹太人大屠杀是第二次世界大战期间，纳粹德国为镇压异己和推行种族主义政策，所犯下的一场种族灭绝罪行。到1945年战争结束时，多达600万犹太人遭到残忍屠杀。1944年10月，匈牙利人非尼哈·艾斯纳的最后一封信这样写道，“这座城市的犹太人已从街上消失，他们无处可逃。”

Uri Zirinski, Deputy Consul General of Israel in Chengdu, delivered a speech,pointing out where diplomats’duty lies in—enhancing relationships and friendships between countries and people. The exhibition will dwelling on the stories in the darkest times of human history, in which these diplomats made good deed beyond the call of their duty. Runing the risk of losing job even life, they help people get away from the fate of death during that erratic period. Some of them even sacrificed their life, a dear price. “This is to extend gratitude to people who made contributions selflessly and fearlessly, and who survived in the holocaust for their fortitude and strength have encouraged people to forge ahead unceasingly.

In order to supress dissidents and implement racist policy, Nazi Germany committed the Holocaust, a wave of genocide, during the World WarⅡ. Upon the end of the war in 1945, over 6 million Jews were killed in the slaughter. “Jews have vanished from the street of the city. They have nowhere to go.” Phinehas Eisner, a Hungarian, wrote in his last letter.

中国/何凤山

“我有三个孩子……两个孙子，他们的性命都是何凤山博士所赐。我丈夫的侄子……从一个领事馆跑到另一个领事馆，直到中国领事馆才看到希望。我和丈夫以及其他十八位亲戚都很幸运，拿到了何先生的签证。我们于1938年11月12日离开热那亚，又从那乘船前往上海，我的儿子哈里也是在上海出生。”——来自大屠杀幸存者贝塔·菲德勒。

1938年3月，奥地利被纳粹德国吞并，犹太人遭到了恐怖统治和公然羞辱，剥夺财产，强迫移民。绝望之中，犹太人围住了这座城市的所有外国领事馆。何凤山作为时任中国驻维也纳总领事，向犹太人签发了数千张前往上海的签证，帮助犹太人逃离纳粹的魔爪。

1944年，布达佩斯的犹太人聚集在瑞士大使馆的“玻璃屋”，希望获得保护通行证。大楼里的地下工作人员分发文件，从而救下了成千上万的犹太人。

死里逃生的大屠杀幸存者斯特拉·佛朗哥·伊斯雷尔回忆，“共有三四艘船，我们在海上漂泊了8天，一艘从科斯岛（Kos）拉来了200多名犹太人……他们又将船开到莱罗斯岛（Leros）去接另外一位犹太人……我们不知道自己将会被送往奥斯维辛。”来自伯拉第斯拉瓦的犹太复国主义活动家，吉斯·弗莱施曼却没能逃过纳粹毒手，1943年9月1日，在奥斯维辛集中营惨遭杀害。

“在那被监禁在法国的日子里，我们承受了诸多苦难，也许最令人痛苦的就是当局强迫我们全面与外界隔绝。最重要的是这种隔绝消耗了我们的生命力，我们既无助又无奈，害怕被人遗忘，像是从生命的溪流中被分离出来的一汪死水。”这是1940年10月，德国犹太小说家利翁·福伊希特万格在抵达美国时发出的感言。

本次展览的主角——正义外交官，正是面临那段最为黑暗的人类历史，他们正义而勇敢。面对犹太人被迫害的绝境，他们顶着重重压力，冒着巨大的危险，决定给这些犹太人颁发“生命签证”，帮助他们逃离纳粹德国的占领的土地，打开改变命运的大门。

Stella Franco Isrel, who survived the slaughter recalled that “We had drifted on the sea for 8 days, with three or four boats in total, among which one boat took more than 200 Jews...They set sail to Leros to pick up another Jew, and it didn’t occur to us that we are on the way to Auschwitz.”

“Imprisoned in France, we suffered a lot in those days. We were forced to cut off from the outside, which is the most afflicting. Because it drained up our life strength and made us helpless. We were afraid of being forgotten, like a still water isolated from the stream of life.”said Lion Feuchtwanger,a German Jewish novelist, upon arriving the United States.

During that darkest age in human history, there was a batch of righteous, bold and fearless. Under mountainous pressure and in the face of such despair situation,they awarded “Life Visa” to Jews at great risk. They helped the victims escape from territories dominated by Nazi Germany and changed their lives. They are all righteous diplomats.

意大利/乔治·佩拉斯卡（Giorgio Perlasca）

乔治·佩拉斯卡是意大利科摩人,1942年移居至匈牙利,成为意大利牛肉出口商代表。德国入侵匈牙利后,佩拉斯卡进入西班牙大使馆避难。那个时候,“箭十字党”已经掌权,开始进行恐怖统治。包括西班牙代表团在内的国际组织和大使馆都尽力帮助犹太人,为他们提供保护文件、提供“安全屋”。

1944年12月,西班牙大使安吉尔·桑兹一布里兹离开匈牙利,留下了官方印章和几位基层外交官。乔治·佩拉斯卡假装成西班牙代表发放保护文件、与当局展开谈判,并亲自前往“箭十字”监狱迎接被释放的犹太人。他不止一次冷静地使用自己的假身份,将“箭十字”帮赶出了“安全屋”。战争结束后,他要返回意大利,几十个获救者将他一直送到火车站,依依不舍地与他告别。

大屠杀幸存者站在营救者奥斯卡·辛德勒（Oskar Schindler）的坟墓旁。

1963年，以色列犹太大屠杀纪念馆（Yad Vashem）开启了一项世界工程，将“国际义人”的称号授予那些冒着生命危险拯救犹太人的非犹太人，并将这种文化遗产永久传承下去。目前已有26000多人被以色列授予“国际义人”称号。其中，有一个中国人非常熟悉的名字——何凤山。1938至1940年，何凤山任中国驻维也纳总领事期间，向奥地利犹太人发放数千份“生命签证”。2000年，何凤山被授予“国际义人”称号，他也被誉为“中国的辛德勒”。

市政府外事侨务办领事处处长范青表示，二战给中华民族和犹太民族都带来了巨大的痛苦和不幸，尽管当时中国人饱受战火之苦，但仍有无数中国人尽己所能帮助犹太人。此次展览，不仅表达了对二战烈士与受害者的缅怀，和对国际义人的感激，更表达了人们对战争的谴责和对和平与发展的热爱与向往。希望人们永远牢记历史，珍爱和平，促进中国与世界各国友好交流与共同发展。

图片/以色列驻成都总领事馆提供

For the purpose to pass down the spirits of these diplomats as a kind of cultural heritage, Israel Yad Vashem have entitled “Righteous Among the Nations” to those non-Jewish people who put their life on the line to save Jews Since 1963. At present over 26,000 people were awarded “Righteous Among the Nations”, among which a name is very familiar to Chinese people — He Fengshan. From 1938 to 1940, as a Consular General of China in Vienna, He Fengshan had issued thousands of “Life Visa” for Jews in Austria. He was conferred “Righteous Among the Nations” in 2000,also renowned as “Schindler in China”

Fan Qing, indicated that despite of the suffering in the WWⅡ, which brought much pain and adversity to both Chinese nation and Jewish people, there still had numerous Chinese who, trying their best to bail Jews out of misery. The exhibiton not only pays tribute to martyrs and victims in the war, express gratitude to these righteous among nations, but also reflects people’s condenmation of the war as well as their hope and longing for peace and development. To this end, the exhibitor hope that people bear in mind history and cherish peace forever so as to promote the friendly exchanges and common development between China and other countries.

Photo provided by the Consulate General of Israel in Chengdu

巴西/路易斯·马丁斯·德索萨·丹塔斯（Luis Martins de Souza Dantas）

路易斯·马丁斯·德索萨·丹塔斯从1922年开始担任巴西驻法国大使。为寻找绕开犹太人移民禁令的方法,德索萨·丹塔斯努力获得了可针对特殊情况发放签证的授权,并以极其慷慨的方式利用这一政府许可,向犹太人和非犹太难民提供了数百个签证。

德索萨·丹塔斯明白他这么做,完全违背了世界各地的巴西外交使团所得到的指令。得益于这位大使的“违规操作”,数百名犹太人顺利离开了法国。当巴西当局准备对德索萨·丹塔斯采取司法措施时,他已到了退休年龄。