大连市第二十四中学　胡颖

语气是动词的一种形式，它表示说话人对某一行为或事情的看法和态度。英语中的虚拟语气表示动作或状态不是客观存在的事实，而是说话人的主观愿望、假设或推测等。比如：If I were you，I would study English harder.现将虚拟语气用法做简要的总结和归纳。

一、虚拟语气在条件从句的用法

条件句有两类，一类是真实条件句；一类是非真实条件句，也就是虚拟条件句。如果假设的情况是有可能发生的，就是真实条件句，谓语要用陈述语气。如If it doesn't rain tomorrow，we will go to the park.如果假设的情况是过去或现在都不存在的，或将来不大可能发生的，则是虚拟条件句。如If he had seen you yesterday，he would have asked you about it.在含有虚拟条件句的复合句中，主句和从句的谓语动词都要用虚拟语气，列表如下：

从句（条件句）　主句（结果句）与现在事实相反的假设动词过去式be一般用were would should+动词原形could might与过去事实相反的假设had+过去分词would should+have+过去分词could might与将来事实相反的假设动词过去式should+动词原形were to+动词原形would should+动词原形could might

与现在事实相反：

If I knew his exact address，I would take the parcel to him without hesitation.

与过去事实相反：

If he had followed the professor's advice，he would have got his doctor's degree in physics.

与将来事实相反的假设从句形式较多，举例说明如下 ：

Ifitweretosnowtomorrow，thepicnic would be canceled.

If it should snow tomorrow，the picnic would be canceled.

If it snowed tomorrow，the picnic would be canceled.

虚拟语气在条件句中使用时应注意以下4种特殊情况：

1.如果从句中含有助动词had/should/were，可以省略if，把助动词移到从句的句首采用局部倒装语序：

Were it to snow tomorrow，our picnic would be canceled.

Should it snow tomorrow，our picnic would be canceled.

Had it not been for the snow，we would have had a picnic.

2.错综时态的条件句

有时条件从句的动作和主句动作发生的时间不一致，这时需要根据具体语境采用表示不同时间的动词形式。

If she had taken the doctor's advice，she might be all right now.

If I were you，I would have chosen a different profession.

3.含蓄条件句

有时候假设的情况并不用条件从句表示出来，而是通过介词短语来表示。

Without air （=If there were no air）， there would be no living things.

But for your help（=If it hadn't been for your help）， I couldn't have succeeded.

4.表示虚拟语气的主句或从句有时可以省略，通过上下文可以推知。

I was busy preparing for the final exam that day.Otherwise I would have participated in the party.（由otherwise可推知省略了条件句If I hadn't been busy.）

这种句式也被称为“前实后虚”，前面句子是真实发生的事，后面句子用了虚拟语气。

We could have gone shopping but the schedule was too tight.（省略了 If the schedule hadn't been too tight.）

We could have walked there.The taxi was not necessary at all.（省略了 If we had wanted to.）

这种句式也被称为“前虚后实”，前面句子用了虚拟语气，后面句子是真实发生的事。

二、虚拟语气在名词性从句中的应用

1.Wish后面宾语从句的谓语动词用过去时的某种形式。

表示对现在的愿望用一般过去式，系动词用were；

表示对过去的愿望用“had+过去分词”；

表示对将来的愿望用“would/could+动词原形”。

比如：

He wishes he were Bill Gates.

They wish they had met each other earlier.

I wish I would go to the moon.

2.在表示建议、要求、愿望、命令、坚持（advise，command， demand， urge， decide， desire，insist，order， prefer，propose， request，require，suggest）等动词后面的宾语从句，或这些动词的同源名词后面所跟的同位语从句或表语从句中，从句谓语用“should+动词原形”，should可以省略。如：

The doctor advised that he change his job because it had caused too much pressure to him.

The young man insisted that I（should） go with him to see the result of the experiment he had been doing.

在这些动词中比较特殊的是suggest和insist，因为它们还有其他的意思：suggest还可以表示 “暗示、表明”；insist还有“坚持认为”的意思，这个时候它们的宾语从句不用虚拟语气，因此要依据具体语境来判断。

He insisted that he was innocent and that he should be set free.

His pale face suggested that he was not feeling well.

3.在would rather后的宾语从句中，谓语常常用过去时来表示现在或将来的情况，用过去完成时表示过去的情况。如：

—Shall I open the window?

—I'd rather you didn't.

George is going to talk about the geography of his country，but I'd rather he focused more on its culture.

4.在 It is+形容词（important， necessary， good，right， wrong， natural， proper， strange， surprising等）+that从句中，谓语动词的虚拟语气用“（should）+动词原形”的结构。如：

It is important that you（should） know all the traffic regulations.

Don't you think it necessary that he （should）be sent to hospital without delay?

三、虚拟语气在状语从句中的应用

1.if only引导的条件状语从句中的虚拟语气

if only与 I wish一样，也用于表示愿望，其后所接虚拟语气的时态与 wish后所接时态的情况相同。如：

If only I had more time to stay with my son!

If only Peter would go with us for the summer vacation!

Look at the trouble I am in!If only I had followed your advice.

2.as if（as though）引导的方式状语从句中的虚拟语气

as if（as though）引导的方式状语从句可用陈述语气，也可用虚拟语气。

① as if从句用陈述语气的情况。

当说话者所述的是真实的或极有可能发生或存在的事实时。比如：

It sounds as if it is raining.

② as if从句用虚拟语气的情况。

当说话人认为句子所述的是不真实的或极少有可能发生或存在的情况时。从句中虚拟语气动词时态的形式如下：

与现在事实相反，谓语动词用一般过去时，be动词用were。如：

He talks as if he were the ruler of the whole world.

与过去事实相反，谓语动词用 “had+过去分词”。如：

He talks about Rome as if he had been there before.

表示将来发生的可能性不大，谓语动词用“would （could， might）+动词原形”。如：

He looks as if he would eat the rabbit whole.

3.目的状语从句中的虚拟语气

① 以in order that，so that引导的目的状语从句中，谓语多用“could/might+动词原形”，在口语中常用“can/could+动词原形”。

She took a taxi so that she could get there on time.

② 以lest，for fear that和in case引导的目的状语从句中，谓语动词多用 “（should）+动词原形”。

She took an umbrella with her lest/for fear that/in case it should rain.

四、虚拟语气在其他形式中的使用

1.It's time that句型中的虚拟语气

在It's time that句型中，从句谓语通常用一般过去时或should+动词原形（should不能省略），其意为“（早）该做某事了”。如：

It'shightimethatweleftthisdangerous place.

2.在 would/had rather，would（just）as soon，would sooner和 would prefer结构中，也用虚拟语气。共同特点是：表示现在或将来要做的事，从句中动词用一般过去时；表示过去的情况，则用过去完成时。

I'd rather you left tomorrow.

I would rather I had bought the dictionary last week.

3.表示“祝愿”“祝福”等的句子当中。如：

May you have a good journey!

Long live our friendship!

God bless you!

五、强化训练

1.If only I----（know） how to operate a computer as you do!

2.But for your help， I----（not find） where the bank was.

3.Frankly， I'd rather you----（not do） anything about it for the time being.

4.Don'thandlethevaseasifit----（be）made of steel.

5.----it----（not be） for your laziness， you could have finished the task now.

6.Theyoungmaninsistedthathe----（do）nothing wrong and----（set） free.

7.（2013 天津）If he had spent more time practicing speaking English before， he----（be） able to speak it much more fluently now.

8.It is essential that these application forms----（send） back as early as possible.

9.I didn't know he was deaf，or else I----（not say） that.

10.The committee urged that the matter----（discuss） at the next meeting.

11.（2013 重庆） -It rained cats and dogs this morning.I'm glad we took an umbrella.

-Yeah，we would have got wet all over if we----（have）.

12.（2016 浙江）Had the governments and the scientists not worked together，AIDS-related deaths----（not fall） since their highest in 2005.

13.How I wish I----（have） the chance to watch the football games with my father，who was a reporter there.

14.It is high time that we----（protect） our environment.

15.Ifwe----（book）atableearlier，we wouldn't be standing here in a queue.

16.Were it not for the fact that he----（not sing） well， we would invite him to the party.

17.-The weather has been very hot and dry.-Yes.If it had rained even a drop，things would be much better now!

And my vegetables----（die）.

18.He suggested that management----（strengthen）to promote the process of the projects.

19.It's too bad that my computer has got a new virus.If only I----（run） that program!

20.The passengers on the bus remained silent.Otherwise， the thief----（catch） red-handed.

（答案：1.knew2.wouldn't have found

3.didn't do4.were 5.Had； not been 6.did； be set 7.would be8.be sent9.would not have said

10.be discussed11.hadn't had12.wouldn't have fallen13.had had14.protected15.had booked 16.doesn'tsing17.wouldn'thavedied18.be strengthened19.hadn't run20.would have been caught）

What life would be if there_____1_（be）no telephone?

Nowadays mobile phones are becoming more and more popular among the middle school students.Some think it is good for students to bring a mobile phone.But some people do not think so.If a mobile phone______2_（ring） in the class， the teacher and students_3__（disturb）.We must turn itoffinclass，otherwisesuchathing______4（happen）.If it had not been for your warning， I_5_（make） such a mistake yesterday.

What's worse，if the young people should depend on mobile phones to communicate with each other in an extreme way，the whole society___6___（go）unconcerned.

___7__the electronic communication replace the face-to-face contact，people's life would go empty and boring， meanwhile there___8___（be）a danger that the human world would collapse（坍塌）.

In my opinion，the mobile phone is a fashionable and useful invention，so I suggest we__9__（make）the best use of it.If effective measures were taken， the situation___10____（change）for the better.

（答案：1.were2.rang3.would be disturbed 4.would happen5.would have made6.would go 7.Should8.would be9.（should）make10.would change）