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智取四种题型,英语极速提高50分

2017-06-23谢钰洪

求学·理科版 2017年6期
关键词:连词代词词义

谢钰洪

时光荏苒,2017年高考即将到来。下面笔者从阅读理解、七选五、完形填空、短文改错四种题型出发,帮助考生快速提分,减少失误。

一、阅读理解

阅读理解主要有四类题型:细节理解题、推理判断题、词义猜测题、主旨大意题。

1.细节理解题

细节理解题一般占据阅读理解的半壁江山。此类试题一般可分为两类:一是直接理解题,答案可在原文中直接找到;二是词义转换题,答案是原文中有关词语或句子的转换,不能在原文中直接找到。细节理解题主要考查考生对文章主题的细节与具体事实的把握能力,内容涉及询问事实、原因、结果、目的等。

例1 (2017年河南省月考)Desert elephants can travel over 70 kilometers in search for feeding grounds and waterholes, and have a larger group of families.They drink only every 3—4 days, and can store water in a “bag” at the back of their throat, which is only used when badly needed.Desert elephants are careful feeders——they seldom root up trees and break fewer branches, and thus maintain what little food sources are available. Young elephants may even eat the dung(粪便)of the female leader of a group when facing food shortage.

Desert elephants are called careful feeders because they ________.

A. rarely ruin trees

B. only drink every 3—4 days

C. search for food in large groups

D. protect food sources for their young

【解析】本题为细节理解题,即要求考生找到相关的信息完成句子。依据题干可知,问题为非洲沙漠里的大象为什么被称为小心翼翼的进食者。考生可在文章材料的破折号后找到清晰的答案:它们很少连根拔起树木和破坏树枝。很多考生易错选D项,Young elephants may even eat the dung(粪便)of the female leader of a group when facing food shortage的意思是小象甚至在食物短缺时会以族群母象的粪便为食。

?易错提醒:从文章出发,忠于原文,切忌添加细节,推断选项。

?做题巧法:一般此类试题考查的范围比较集中,考生可以根据题目的主要信息(人物、时间、地点、事件等)定位到相關的句子,理解分析即可。

2.推理判断题

所谓推断,就是根据阅读材料中所提供的信息推断出未知的信息。据以推断的有关文字可能是一个词或一个句子,也可能是若干句子,甚至是全文。

?解题策略点拨

(1)不能以自己的观点代替作者的观点,要严格按照阅读材料中提供的信息进行推理。

(2)推理的根据来自上下文。

(3)如果某选项中的内容是阅读材料的简单重复,那它就不是推论,也就不是正确答案。

(4)如果某选项所表达的内容与日常的经验相吻合,文中却没有涉及,那它属于主观臆断的结论,也不是正确答案。

(5)如果某个选项表达的内容虽在文中提到,但很片面或很不完整,那也不是正确答案。

(6)文中的虚拟语气和情态动词(should,must,may,etc.)往往能流露出作者的弦外之音,这有助于考生确定正确答案。

(7)注意作者在文章中的措辞,比如作者在形容词前用了too,excessively,rather等,这些词语常表示否定的语气。

(8)某些过渡词(however,but,on the contrary,whats more)后面所表达的内容往往能反映作者的观点和态度。

?易错提醒:一般此类试题考查的范围比较广,考生谨记不要进行二次推断。

3.词义猜测题

(1)根据构词法(合成、派生、转化)进行判断

英语中,有很多词可以加前缀或后缀,从而构成一个新词,乍看起来,这个词可能是生词,但掌握了一定的构词法知识,就不难猜出它的词义。

例2 Market research shows that Gold and others who buy organic food can generally give clear reasons for their preferences——but their knowledge of organic food is far from complete.

【解析】根据熟知词汇prefer及构词法,可推断出preference为名词,意为“偏好”。

(2)根据定义或解释猜测词义

例3 A bag is useful and the word “bag” is useful. It gives us some interesting phrases(短语). One is “ to let the cat out of the bag”. It is the same as “to tell a secret”…

Now when someone lets out (泄漏) a secret, he “lets the cat out of the bag”...

John “lets the cat out of the bag” means he _____.

A. makes everyone know a secret

B. let the woman buy a cat

C. buys a cat in the bag

D. sells the cat in the bag

【解析】A。根据文中“It is the same as”可知,此俗语意为“泄露秘密”。

(3)根据情景和逻辑进行判断

例4 As they go around town, the police help people. Sometimes they find lost children. They take the children home. If the police see a fight, they put an end to it right away. Sometimes people will ask the police how to get to a place in town. The police can always tell the people which way to go. They know all the streets and roads well.

In the text, “put an end to” means “______”.

A. stop B. cut C. kill D. Fly

【解析】A。根据情境,警察经常帮助人,当看到有人斗殴,肯定会立即制止。

(4)根据并列或同位关系猜测词义

例5 There is a place on our earth where hot water and steam come up from under the ground. It is a large island in the Pacific Ocean. The island is North Island, in New Zealand.

What does the word “steam” mean in Chinese?

A.自来水 B. 大气 C. 冰川 D. 蒸汽

【解析】D。同位关系,热水从地下冒出来,伴随着蒸汽。

(5)根据背景和常识判断

例6 The doctor is studying glaucoma and other diseases of the eye.

【解析】根据背景及常识可知,下划线词意为“一类眼科疾病”。

(6)根據标点符号和提示词猜测词义

例7 One of the obstacles to false reading is vocali-zing——saying the words to themselves in a low voice.

【解析】通常破折号后为对前文内容的解释,可知下划线词意为“轻声默读”。

(7)根据转折或对比关系进行判断

根据上下句的连接词,如but,however,otherwise等,就可以看到前后句在意义上的差别,从而依据某一句的含义,来确定另一句的含义。分号还可以表示转折、对比或不相干的意义。

例8 He has been getting better,but during the night his condition deteriorated.

【解析】根据转折词but可知,前后文语义相反,下划线词为“恶化”之意。

(8)根据因果关系进行判断

根据原因可以预测结果,根据结果也可以找出原因。

例9 The biggest power failure happened yesterday. All of our ice-cream and frozen foods melted.

【解析】后一句承接前一句,前一句的原因引发后一句的结果。根据因果关系,停电很可能导致冰淇淋和冷冻食品溶化,所以melted的词义应为“溶化”。

4.主旨大意题

主旨大意题要求考生掌握所读材料的主旨和大意,如基本论点(argument)、文章标题(title)、主题(topic)、大意(general idea)或段落大意(main idea of paragraph)等。主旨大意题可分为两类:一类为记叙文主旨大意题,一类为说明文、议论文主旨大意题。

?公式巧解:何人/何物+怎么了。所有的文章,主旨大意题均可按此公式答题。

?做题方法:寻找主题句,从而抓住文章的中心思想。

?易错提醒:所选选项覆盖面太大或太窄,只关注细节;所选选项与文章有部分交集,但偏离文章主题。

二、七选五

该题型的选项大致可分为主旨概括句(文章整体内容)、过渡性句子(文章结构)和注释性句子(上下文的逻辑意义)三类。多余的干扰项可以通过这三个特点来排除,例如主旨概括句要么过于宽泛,要么以偏概全或偏离主题;过渡性句子不能反映文章的行文结构;注释性句子与上文脱节等。

★三大注意

1.注意代词或定冠词。在做这类题目的时候,一定要注意句子中出现的人称代词或者指示代词。代词指代一个名词或者一个句子,通过代词在句子中所充当的成分可以推断出它所指代句子的类型,考生要做的就是从选项中找出这类句型。

2.注意一些特殊疑问词。如果选项中出现特殊疑问词,一定要把特殊疑问词所在的句子仔细读几遍,因为对于不同的特殊疑问词,回答方式是不一样的,比如对why的回答,后面要有because等表原因的词;对when的回答,后面要有表时间的状语;对where的回答,后面要有表地点的名词;对how的回答,后面要有方式状语等。

3.注意一些连词。如一些表示转折的连词:but,however,yet,though等;另外还有一些表示并列关系的连词,如and,also,as well as,neither…nor…,either…or…,not only…but also…,on one hand…on the other hand等。这些连词可以表示句子与句子之间的关系,通过不同的连词,考生可以推知句子与句子之间不同的关系。

?易错提醒:考生未注意到全文的主题和段落的主题,一般来说,比较易选错的干扰项为概括全文大意的句子。这样的选项似乎适用于任意一道题目,但这样的选项通常不可选。

三、完形填空

完形填空中考生常见的错误为:缺乏背景知识;见空填空,忽视文章的中心意思;熟词生意。

?助力提醒:(1)进一步熟悉英美文化知识,包括英美简史、地理名胜、政治经济、教育系统、宗教、媒体、传统节日等。(2)在通读完全文后,对于较难的选项,一定要结合文章中心大意选择最佳选项,因为文章所有的词汇和细节都是为了体现文章中心。(3)积累熟词生义。

Tips:2017高考必備知识库·熟词生义

1. address①称呼(熟义:地址,写地址)

The president should be addressed as “Mr. President”.总统应称为“总统先生”。

②直接向……说;③向……发表演说

She turned to address the man on her left.她转身过去,向她左边的那人讲话。

He is going to address the meeting in a minute.他一会儿就要在大会上讲话了。

It is said that our headmaster will address the meeting. (vt. 向……发表演说)

2. age(熟义:n.年龄)

Worry aged him rapidly.(v. 使变老)

3. air(熟义:n. 空气)

Dont air your troubles too often. 不要经常发牢骚。(v. 抒发,倾诉,传播)

There was a comfortable air about her room.(n. 样子,神态,气氛)

4. arm (熟义:n. 手臂)

Lay down your arms or well fire!(n. 武器; v. 武装)

5.balance (熟义: n. /v. 平衡)

I must check my bank balance. (n. 差额,余款)

The school aims to balance the amount of time spent on arts and science subjects. (v. 权衡)

6.bar(熟义:n. 棒,条,酒吧,房间)

Poor health may be a bar to success in life.(n. 障碍)

7. blank (熟义:adj. 空白的;n. 空白)

The stranger returned my greeting with a blank look.(adj. 没表情的,空虚的,没兴趣的)

I cant think where Ive left my umbrella, my mind is a complete blank.(n. 记忆中的空白,遗忘)

8. blue(熟义:adj./n.,蓝色)

His songs always make me feel blue.(adj. 忧伤的)

9. bear(熟义:vt. 忍受,容忍)

He was badly wounded in the war and still bears the scars. (v. 显示,带有)

10.cause (熟义:n. 起因;v. 引起)

The UN has done a lot for the cause of world peace.联合国为世界和平事业做了许多贡献。

We are struggling for revolutionary cause.(n. 事业)

11. cover(熟义:v. 走完一段路,看完多少页书;涉及;覆盖)

Here is£5,that should cover all your expenses.(v. 够付……的费用)

12. course(熟义:n. 课程,过程)

The main course was a vegetable stew.这道主菜是蔬菜炖肉。(n. 一道菜)

13. desert(熟义:n. 沙漠)

He deserted his wife and went abroad.(v. 抛弃,离弃)

We sheltered from the storm in a deserted hut.我们在一间无人住的茅屋里躲暴风雨。

14. develop (熟义:v. 发展,开发,研制)

Did you have the film developed?(v. 冲印,冲洗)

develop a disease 得病,出现问题

He developed a cough. 他咳嗽起来了。

develop a habit 逐渐形成

15. do (熟义:做,制作)

The shoes wont do for mountain-climbing.(vi. 可以,行;够了)

Practice and determination will do wonders.(v. 创造)

Everything is doing well.(vi. 进展)

16. draw (熟义:画)

The football match between the Korean team and the American team was so wonderful that it drew a lot of people, though in the end they drew the match.(v. 拉,拔出,吸引;不分胜负地结束)

What moral are we to draw from the story.(v. 获得,取得,推断出)

17. drive(熟义:驾驶)

Hunger drove her steal.(v. 迫使某人做不好的事)

18. escape (熟义:逃走)

His name escaped me for the moment.(v. 被忘记,一时想不起)

19. even(熟义:adv. 甚至,更)

The road wasnt even.(adj. 平坦的,平的,平滑的)

Her teeth were white and even.(adj. 齐的,同样的,一致的)

The score is now even. (adj.相等的,对等的,均等的)

The car went with an even motion.(adj. 均匀的,平稳的)

She evened the edges by trimming(清理焊缝) them.(vt. 弄平,使平坦)

Our team evened the score in the last minute.(vt. 使相等)

20. fail (熟義:n. 失败,不及格)

Our water supply failed.我们供水不足了。

He is failing in health./His health is failing.(v. 衰退,衰弱)

He failed to lend her a hand.(v. 未能)

He never fails to write to his mother every month. 他从来不忘记每月写信给他的母亲。

21. grade(熟义:n. 年级)

He got excellent grades in exams.(n. 分数,等级)

Eggs are grade from small to extra-large.(v. 分等级,给分数)

22. hit (熟义:v. 击中,打击)

The film Big Hero 6 is quite a hit of this year.( n. 成功,红极一时的人或事)

23. introduce(熟义:v. 以……开始,介绍,引进)

He introduced his speech with a joke. 他的演讲以一个笑话开始。

The company is introducing a new family saloon this year. (v. 初次投入使用或运作,采用)

He introduced his speech with a joke.(v. 以……开始)

24. late(熟义:adj. 迟到的,最新的)

She was an admirer of the late president.她崇拜前总统。

She missed her late husband very much. (adj. 已故的)

25. note(熟义:n. 笔记;音符;纸币)

Learn the notes by heart.(n. 台词)

I noticed that her hands were dirty.(v. 注意到)

四、短文改错

1.分清错误类型,对症下药

(1)缺词

短文改错中所缺的词常常是冠词、介词、代词等虚词,它通常与词的搭配相关,如见到名词,应考虑是否缺了冠词;见到动词,要注意后面是否少了应与之搭配的介词或其他词;见到某些固定表达,如in fact,as soon as等,应考虑是否完整;还有某些短语加冠词与不加冠词的意义不同,如in front of和in the front of;某些短语加介词与不加介词的用法不同,如as a result和as a result of。高考常考点如下表:

例10 In the car park there Gina nearly got knocked over as car drove out far too quickly from behind a lorry.

【解析】在as后加a。car是可数名词,此处表示“有一辆汽车冲了过来”,表泛指,故要用a。

(2)多词

短文改错中多余的词常常是虚词,如冠词、介词、代词、副词、连词等。根据涉及的名词、动词的特点等判断句子中是否多了冠词、介词、副词或其他词;根据全句的结构和意义,判断是否多了连词或其他词。高考常考点如下表:

例11 Otherwise,it is impossible for them to help each other and to make their friendship to last long.

【解析】把last前的to去掉。make表示“使,让”,后面接宾语补足语时,要省略to的不定式,构成make sb. do sth. 结构。

(3)错词

错词是短文改错中最主要的错误类型,错词的情况最为复杂,大致可分为虚词选择错误,实词用法错误,同(近)义、形似词选择错误等。最常见的是搭配错误与语法错误。

2.保持原意的原则

考生做题时应遵循保持句子原意的原则,即不能随便改变文章或作者想要表达的意思,包括其语气和上下文的逻辑关系。要对短文中的用词错误、语法错误、行文逻辑关系错误进行改正,且小改不能大改;要做到“换词不能改意,加词不能增意,去词不能减意”。如有多种改法,应以保持原意为条件。

例12 The more friends we have,the more we can learn for one another,and the more pleasure we can share together.

【解析】将for改为from。固定表达learn from sb.意为“向某人学习”,符合语境。也有考生把for改为about, learn about意为“了解……的有关情况”,这样改会改变原意,作者想说的是“相互学习”,而不是“相互了解情况”。

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