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课外拓展

2015-05-30刘素庚

初中生学习·低 2015年9期
关键词:个性化学校发展

刘素庚

链接一:英语对话和短文

(一) 对话

A=Bob B=Mike

A: Mike, tomorrow is Jacks birthday, so what present do you want to give him for his birthday party?

B:Ive no idea. We had a quarrel last Sunday.

A: What happened to you two?

B: He rode my bike to the park last Saturday. But the bike was broken. I had the bike repaired.

A: You are good friends. How long have you been good friends?

B:Weve known each other since we were 6 years old.

A:Really? You must be close friends and you get along well with each other.

B:Yeah, We talk almost everything and we play with each other after school.

A: He seems friendly, kind and outgoing.

B:Well, he is helpful, he helped the classmates in need at times. What do you think of him?

A:Well, I know he is a good boy. I saw him carry water for an old man.

B:Oh, really? I never thought he would be like that.

A:Dont get him wrong, Im sure he might have some trouble last Saturday.

B: So, can I trust him or what?

A:Well, I think you should talk with him. You are close friends and you should help each other. Do you forget what he did for you? Two years ago, you broke your leg in a car accident. It is Jack who took you to the hospital, and he came to see you after school and told you what the teachers taught in school.

B:Yes, I regret what I said to him. But I think you can help me tell him I can forgive him.

A:Okay, Okay . You must trust him. I try to give you a hand.

(二) 短文

This afternoon, the math teacher came into the classroom. He said to us,“We are going to have an exam, you should prepare pens and rulers.” We began to prepare everything as the teacher told us. Then there went the bell. When the examination paper was handed out, I am looking for a ruler in a hurry. I suddenly remembered that I lost the ruler last week. I didnt buy another one. I was so nervous that there was nothing but the ruler in my brain. Wang Wei found me looking for things, he asked me quietly, “What is wrong? What are you looking for? ”I said anxiously, “I forgot to buy a ruler! ” He looked at his own pencil case, oh, he has only one ruler. The ruler was bought by his mother. There was a little white rabbit and two big strawberries on it, the rabbit was so lovely. And the ruler can also be used to draw a triangle. And he can use it to write English letters, too. He loved it so much that he couldnt help me. What should I do? When I was thinking about that, Wang Wei cut his ruler into two halves. He handed the other half to me at once. I was in great surprise and thanked him for his kindness.

I will always remember my good friend. A friend in need is a friend indeed.

链接二:各国个性化教育发展状况

1. 美国

美国是个性化教育的推动者和领跑者。美国的教育一向崇尚民主、自由、以人为本,以“发展个性”为基本原则,不断改革教育制度、内容和方法, 使教育更加多样化、灵活化、开放化。

美国重视孩子个体表现力和主动性的培养和发展即充分发挥个人主义中强调个性的特征。特别是在课堂教学方面,美国孩子可以在比较自由的环境里表现自己的个性。美国的课堂气氛是十分活跃的,可以窃窃私语,发出笑声,甚至还可以大大方方地走动、喝水或摆弄文具,做些小动作等。教育中强调个人主义中的自信、勇于开拓、勇于展示自己,相信自己是独一无二的,想做什么就能做成什么的精神。美国教师也经常鼓励学生参与课堂讨论,发表自己的看法。

美国学校还比较重视学生隐私与个性发展的关系,强调个人主义中的个人利益别人不能随意侵犯,学校和班级从不当着学生的面公布成绩,也不在全校或班级排名次。他们认为,每个学生都有自己的特点,各有所长。

2. 日本

日本以教育为立国之本,创造了经济上的奇迹。日本把以创造性和独特能力培养为主的个性教育放在教育的首位。

二战之后,日本提出了尊重个性、发展个性和实行个性化教育的原则,即发展个人能力,根据个人能力和个性给予受教育的机会,主张将这一原则贯穿于教育的各个方面。日本专家认为,个性不仅仅包含每个人的个性这种狭隘的意义,它还包括家庭、学校、地区、企业、国有文化和时代的个性等。这里强调的个性,并不是自由放纵和无组织、无纪律、不负责任等,而是在明确责任的前提下,扩大选择的自由和各自的特色。对于每个人来说,就是要求具有鲜明的个性,善于独立思考,有主见、有韧性、有活力。对于家庭、学校、企业、地区、国家来说,则要求灵活、独立,发挥各自的优势,办出各自的特色,而不是要求一个模式,千篇一律。

3. 俄罗斯

依照1992年7 月新颁布的《俄罗斯联邦教育法》,在学校教育教学工作中,具体在课堂教学、课程结构、课外校外活动以及社会教育活动中更多地强调教育应该成为个性平安自由发展的条件,通过教育,更多地体现出个性自由发展的优先性,强调公民教育和爱国主义教育。

走在俄罗斯一些城市里你会发现,往往最漂亮的建筑是少年宫或少年之家。近20年来,校外教育机构网络增加了60.4%,接受校外教育的人数增加了 1.5倍。 许多农村学校的图书和体育器材都由国家无偿赠送。

俄罗斯中小学校按照学生不同年龄的不同生理心理发展阶段安排不同的课外校外活动。在俄罗斯,我们看到低年级学生在参加绘画和编织活动,看到四、五年级学生在进行韵律操的训练,高年级学生在参加社会公益劳动。为了使农村学生真切感受到 世界艺术的宝贵价值,他们还组织学生到大城市参观博物馆,观赏名剧,以汲取文化养分,提高审美和鉴赏能力。在暑假期间,城市的学校则组织劳动夏令营,参加农村的收获工作。

4. 法国

为了推进个性化教育,法国把幼儿教育和小学教育合为一体,打破了传统的年级教学组织形式,分三个学习阶段组织教育。在3 年为一个阶段的学习过程中,发展快的学生可以用2 年完成一个学习阶段的学业,然后提前一年转入下一阶段,发展慢的学生则可放慢学习进度用4 年完成学业。从而使每个学生能按照自己的学习节奏自主进行学习,为学生高水平地发挥创造才能创造了好的制度条件。

5. 新加坡

学校为学生提供了丰富多样的兴趣与专业的选择机会,以帮助学生全面发展。除了学术课程,学生还能通过学校提供的课程辅助活动发展自己在音乐、美术和体育方面的才华。学校通过让学生参与社区服务活动,培养学生的个人素质。如创意、自给与坚毅,练就学生在现今日新月异的世界里必备的生活技能。政府对学生学习的渠道,提供多种选择机会。

他们尽量扩大人才的范畴,通过专题作业、各类比赛等各种措施,设置不同标准的尺,去发掘不仅仅是学业成绩优秀,而且其他各方面同样出众的学生,然后,给学校经费,尽力去培养他们。

新加坡教育通过直接招生计划、专长项目学校来尽量发掘学生连自己也不知道的才华。教育要力争做到无论哪里有人才,都要确保他们能获得全面培养,即便是一个孩子,也要找出他们不为自己所知的智慧和潜能。

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