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简单it用法多

2015-03-19胡瑞明

高中生学习·高二版 2014年12期
关键词:主句谓语状语

胡瑞明

it的用法不仅是高中语法中的重点和难点,也是高考考查的热点。本文就it的用法作一归类分析以帮助同学们掌握这一知识。

一、it用作人称代词

it作人称代词,常用来代替一个具体的事物,或前面提到过的某件事物或某个句子,以免重复。例如:

Please go and get my dictionary; it is right on the desk; have you seen it? 请去把我的字典拿来,它就在书桌上,你看见它了吗?

The Chinese teacher was ill. Have you heard about it? 语文老师病了,你听说过这件事沒有?

it还可用于指代不知性别的动物或婴儿。例如:

I threw the dog to him and he caught it. 我把小狗扔向他,他把它接住了。

Is it a boy or a girl? 是男孩还是女孩?

注意it,that和one都表示“一个”,指代前文提到的事物,但it指“同一个”,one泛指“同一类”,而that用来代替前面特指的单数名词或不可数名词,相当于the+单数名词单数/不可数名词,有时候可与the one互换。

二、it用作无人称代词

it还可用作无人称代词,用以指代时间、天气、日期、距离、价值、度量、地点、自然现象和环境等,在这种语境下常不翻译出来。例如:

Its the third of May. 今天是五月三日。

Its damp and cold, I think its going to rain. 天气既潮湿又寒冷,我看马上要下雨了。

Theyre sure to see you: its bright moonlight. 他们肯定看见你了:当时月光明亮。

Will you come with me? Its only an hour and a half on the train. 你愿意和我一起去吗?坐火车只有一个半小时的里程。

三、it用作引导词

1. it用作形式主语

当不定式(短语)、动词-ing形式或从句在句中作主语时,为避免句子头重脚轻,常用it作形式主语置于句首,而将真正的主语放在句尾。此时it只起先行引导作用,本身无实义。其构成的句型常有:

1)it作形式主语替代不定式(短语)

①it is+adj./n.+(for/of sb)+to do sth

该句型中的不定式短语是真正主语,如果表示“对某人的赞扬或指责”,不定式的逻辑主语是由of引起;其他情况下的不定式的逻辑主语由for引起。

It is illegal for a teenager to drive a car without a license. 青少年无证驾驶是不合法的。

Its kind of you to help me with the problem. 你真好来帮我解决这个问题。

②it takes sb... to do sth

该句型中it是形式主语,不定式短语是真正的主语,表示“做某事要花费某人……”。

It took me half an hour to finish the homework. 做作业花了我半个小时。

2)it作形式主语替代动词-ing形式,常用于句型it is+no use/no good/useless+doing sth中。

As far as Im concerned, its no use arguing with him, he wont change his mind. 同他争论没用,他不会改变主意。

Its useless complaining without taking action. 只抱怨而不采取行动是无用的。

3)it作形式主语替代主语从句

常用于句型“it is+形容词/名词/过去分词+主语从句”。此句型中常用的形容词有clear, obvious, true, certain, natural, right, good, curious, surprising等;常用的名词有fun, pity, shame, surprise, wonder等;常用的过去分词有said, reported, believed, thought, known, told, hoped, agreed等。

He went over all his notes completely before the exam. It is no wonder that he should have achieved such a high grade in it. 他在考试之前彻底复习了笔记,难怪他获得这么高的分数。

It is believed that taking a walk every day does good to our health. 大家都认为每天散步有益于身体健康。

注意 在“it is necessary/important/essential/strange/unusual/natural/surprising/suggested/required/ordered/a pity/a shame/a surprise/+that从句”结构中,主语从句中的谓语动词要用“(should+)动词原形”。这一句型可转换为:it is + adj.(for sb) to do/to be done...。如:endprint

Its important that we should learn a foreign language.=Its important for us to learn a foreign language. 学习一门外语对我们很重要。

四、it作形式宾语,代替不定式、动词-ing形式或宾语从句

像it作形式主语一样,当宾语是不定式(短语)、动词-ing形式或从句时,常用it作形式宾语,而将真正的宾语后置。例如:

New technologies have made it possible to turn out new products faster and at a lower cost. 新的科技使高效低成本地生产出新的产品变为可能。

She thinks it no point practicing so much. 她认为练习这么多没有意义。

No matter where he is, he makes it a rule to go for a walk before breakfast. 不管他去哪里,早餐前都要去散步,这是他的惯例。

五、it用于强调句型

为了强调句子的某一成分(通常是主语、宾语或状语),常用it来改变句子结构,即用强调句型“it is (was)+被强调部分+that+其他”。被强调部分是人时,可用who替代that;当被强调的部分不是人而是时间、地点或原因状语时,用that连接,不可以用when, where等。

It was after the war was over that Einstein was able to come back to his research work again. 战争结束后爱因斯坦才能重新进行他的研究工作。

Was it in the house where his grandfather once lived that they found the old picture? 他们是在他祖父曾经住过的房子里找到那张旧照片的吗?

“it is(was)not until+被强调部分+that...”也是强调句型,强调时间状语,可译为“直到……才……”。它用来强调由not...until引导的状语或状语从句,这时注意要把not放在until从句前。

It was not until I came here that I realized this place was famous for not only its beauty but also its weather. 直到我来到这儿才意识到,这个地方不仅以它的美而且以它的天气出名。

强调句型与主语从句的区别: 强调句型可以还原为正常语序,也就是说,强调句型中去掉it is/ was和that后,句子仍然通顺,意思也依然完整。而含主语从句的复合句中的it是指示代词,后面多为系表结构或被动语态,去掉it is/was和that句子就不通顺了。

六、由it引起的易混淆表示时间的句型

1. it is+时间段+since从句,表示“自从……以来已有多长时间了”。

在这个句型中,主句的谓语动词时态常是一般现在时或现在完成时,since引导的从句的谓语动词通常是一般过去时态。例如:

It is ten years since he came back. 自从他回来已有十年的时间了。

2. “it is+时段+before...”表示“要过多久才……”,其否定形式“it is not+时间段+before...”表示“没过多久(多长时间)就……”。

在这个句型中,主句谓语动词的时态一般是一般将来时或一般过去时。主句的表语(时间段)多是long,not long,two days,three weeks等表示时间段的词或短语。例如:

It will be an hour before you see Mr Li. 过一个小时你就会见到李先生的。

3. it is+具体时间+when从句,表示“某事发生的时间是……”。

在这个句型中,when引导时间状语从句,主句中的it指时间,表语由表示具体时间点的词语来充当。例如:

It was five oclock when he came here. 他是在五点钟来到这里的。

4. “it is time (high time)+that...”表示“(正)是……做某事的时候了”。

在这个句型中,that从句常用一般过去时,有时也用“should+动词原形”,但should不能省略。例如:

It is high time that you went to school. 是你上学的时候了。

5. “it is the first(second)time+that...”表示“这是某人首次(第二次)做某事”。

在这个句型中,如果主句的谓语动词是一般现在时,则从句中的谓语动词用现在完成时;若主句的谓语动词是一般过去时,则从句中的谓语动词要用过去完成时。例如:

It is the second time that I have come here. 这是我第二次来到这里。

七、一些it常用的固定搭配

it还有一些固定的搭配,如:take it easy“放轻松,别紧张”;believe it or not“信不信由你”;cant help it“没有办法”;got it“懂了,明白了”;make it“及时赶到,成功,办成”;catch it“被责骂,受处罚”;put it“表达”;I mean it.“我是认真的,说到做到”;Thats it.“这就对了,就这样”;it/that all depends...“……得看情况而定”;when it comes to“当谈到……”。endprint

You may depend on it that we shall always help you. 你可以相信,我们会永远帮助你的。

Shell answer for it that he passes the exam. 她保证他会通过这次考试。

I dont like it when my mother asks me to eat eggs. 妈妈让我吃鸡蛋,我不喜欢。

1. As a new graduate, he doesnt know

to start a business here. (take)

作为一名新毕业生,他不知道需要什么才能在这里开始经营。

2. It was only after he had read the papers the task before him was extremely difficult to complete. (realize)

看到那些文件后,他才意识到他面前的任务完成起来是极其困难的。

3. him that he had left his keys in the office. (occur)

他突然想起他把钥匙忘在办公室里了。

4. Jack is a great talker. Its high time that he instead of just talking. (do)

杰克总爱夸夸其谈,他该做点事了,而不只是空谈。

5. They told us it was the fourth time that they the East Lake. (visit)

这对外国夫妇告诉我们这是他们第四次游览东湖。

6. that Bell sent his first telephone message to his assistant Watson. (until)

直到5天后贝尔才给他的助手沃森发送了第一份信息。

7. No matter how bright a talker you are, there are times . (remain)

不管你多么能言善辩,但有时候保持沉默更好。

1. what it takes

2. that he realized

3. It (suddenly) occurred to him

4. did something/should do something

5. had visited

6. It was not until 5 days later/It was not until after 5 days

7. when its better to remain silent

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