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地方政府环境规制及其波动机理研究

2014-10-17李国平张文彬

中国人口·资源与环境 2014年10期
关键词:环境规制

李国平+张文彬

摘要

文章基于最优契约设计视角,剖析了地方政府的最优环境规制及其波动,并讨论了当地居民作为第三方引入的作用。首先,利用委托代理模型构建了以地方政府效益最大化为目标并满足地方政府和企业激励约束条件的最优环境规制契约,该契约表明当保持地方政府高环境规制水平时,地方政府和企业处于同等地位,根据各自的收益分配来决定责任分担的比例,并与二者各自获得的中央政府的奖励比例一致,同时地方政府对企业的生产活动和环境保护活动都不进行经济激励。其次,讨论了重大环境污染事故发生后,地方政府环境规制在中央政府强力介入、环境污染事故影响减弱和影响完全消失三个典型时期的周期循环波动及其机理,结果表明当重大环境污染事故发生时,由于中央政府的强力介入,地方政府选择高水平的环境规制,这时企业生产努力水平和产量都较低,但发生环境污染事故的概率也最低;当环境污染事故影响减弱时,地方政府即使无法获得额外收益,也会通过相对降低环境规制水平来增加企业产量,环境污染事故发生的概率随之增加;当环境污染事故影响完全消失后,地方政府为获得额外收益和完成中央政府的经济考核,会选择低水平环境规制,企业的产量达到最大,环境污染事故发生的概率也最大,直至环境污染事故再次发生,进入下一轮的环境规制波动周期循环。再次,将当地居民作为第三方规制引入地方政府环境规制中,得到包含第三方监管的最优环境规制契约,最优契约的关键就是地方政府要确定在重大环境污染事故发生后对当地居民的收买成本,第三方规制的引入能够在一定程度上烫平地方政府环境规制的波动。最后,从解除地方环境规制部门与地方政府的隶属关系以保持地方政府环境规制部门独立性、推进产权制度改革以保持企业独立性和建立包含当地居民或者社会团体的第三方环境监管组织三个方面提出减小中国地方政府环境规制波动、实现地方政府环境规制最优契约的政策建议。

关键词 环境规制;波动机理;契约设计;最优契约

中图分类号 F205

文献标识码 A 文章编号 1002-2104(2014)10-0024-08 doi:10.3969/j.issn.1002-2104.2014.10.005

改革开放以来,中国经济以年均9%的增速创造经济增长“奇迹”的同时,也带来环境的严重压力。据2012年美国哥伦比亚大学和耶鲁大学科学家联合发布的163个国家和地区的环境绩效排名 (Environment Performance Index, EPI)显示,中国环境绩效排名第116位。环境问题已成为中国总体发展战略中的关键问题,制度因素或者说环境规制成为环境保护和污染治理的最重要推动力。

国外地方政府环境规制的研究主要集中在规制强度变化方面,Oates and Schwab[1]模拟了地方政府通过税收和环境政策工具竞争资本的情景,认为地方政府会通过降低排污收费或增加排污许可来争取资本的流入。该结论与“污染避难所假说”(Pollution Heaven Hypothesis, PHH)相背,其认为环境规制差异仅带来生产成本差异,贸易自由化使污染密集型企业倾向于从环境规制严格的地区向相对宽松的地区迁移,使后者成为“污染避难所”[2]。与该假说对应的理论是“竞争到底”(Race to the Bottom),认为地方政府在与其他地方政府的资本竞争中,会倾向于放松环境规制,以牺牲环境质量为代价吸引投资,地方政府相继降低环境规制的最终结果是环境零规制,所有地区环境都恶化[3]。Oates and Portney[4]对此提出了质疑,认为“竞争到底”的说法在逻辑上是不尽合理的,指出资本流入增加地方政府收入的同时也会导致地方政府增加公共品的供给。此外,也有学者从地方政府与企业博弈[5]、环境规制俘获[6-7]等方面进行了研究。

国内关于环境规制的理论研究相对实证研究较少,赵玉民等[8]重新定义了环境规制的内涵,将环境规制分为显性和隐性两种,并分析不同类型环境规制的内涵、特征、联系与区别等,为改善和优化企业环境决策提供理论基础。张崇辉等[9]基于CHME理论,构建双向可比动态指数测度了我国2003-2010年的环境规制水平,并比较不同环境规制替代指标的差异,认为应完善和加强激励型环境规制,并相机选择中西部的环境规制方式。李郁芳和李项峰[10]基于公共选择视角分析了环境规制处于次优水平的原因并给出了政策建议。臧传琴等[11]分析了信息不对称条件下政府与排污企业之间的博弈,认为博弈会降低政府环境规制的效用,因此政府应进行规制政策创新以提高规制效率。易志斌[12]以跨界水污染为例对地方政府环境规制失灵的原因及解决途径进行了总结。吴卫星[13]认为造成我国环境规制失灵的原因是我国环境规制存在三种结构性失衡:公众与企业参与环境决策和环境诉讼失衡、环保主管部门与地方政府和经济主管部门规制权利失衡以及环境利益和经济利益竞争失衡,并依此给出政策建议。朱平芳等[14]基于环境规制和地方环境决策的策略博弈视角,从理论与实证的角度分析是地方政府为吸引外商直接投资而采用竞争到底策略。

可以看出,现阶段关于地方政府环境规制的研究多集中在评价和提高地方环境规制效率的静态分析方面,鲜有学者对地方环境规制动态波动及其机理进行研究。本文借鉴陈长石[15]的基本假设和研究思路,通过构建中央政府(委托人)——地方政府(中间人)——企业(代理人)的双层委托代理模型,剖析环境污染事故(指重大环境污染事故)发生时中央政府强力介入、事故影响减弱和完全消失三个典型阶段的地方环境规制波动机理。

1 委托代理模型和最优契约

在中国的环境保护和污染治理实践过程中,地方政府在中央政府和企业之间扮演着“中间人”的角色,中央政府制定的环境保护和污染治理政策要由地方政府负责实施和监督。但是,我国实施的“向上负责”的政治体制和财政分权相结合的地方政府治理方式使得发展地方经济会给地方官员带来经济上的激励[16],如果缺乏有效的激励约束机制,地方政府官员就和企业经理人一样存在机会主义行为,从政治决策中寻租,导致地方政府行为选择逐渐偏离社会公共利益的轨道,相对缺乏提供生态产品的积极性。

本部分通过构建中央政府、地方政府和企业环境规制的双重委托代理模型,对环境规制最优契约形式及其性质进行讨论,以解释地方政府环境规制行为选择的特征。

1.1 委托代理模型构建

假设在一个仅存在中央政府、地方政府和企业三方的封闭经济体中,中央政府负责制定总的经济发展政策和环境保护、污染治理等环境规制政策,并负责对地方政府的政绩进行考核,根据地方政府和企业提供的经济产品和环境保护及污染治理绩效对其进行奖罚;地方政府负责对企业的经济生产活动和环境保护及污染治理活动进行监督,并对企业的行为进行奖罚;企业负责提供经济产品和环境保护、污染治理。

企业的生产函数为:

由此得到本文的最后一个结论。

结论5:在给定的约束条件下,并将当地居民作为第三方引入地方环境规制的条件下,保证地方政府不对当地居民进行收买的最优契约应具有以下性质:第一,企业和地方政府的参与约束条件是松的,而其他约束条件都是紧的;第二,在满足最优契约时,重大环境污染事故发生后地方政府愿意支付的收买成本随其在总的收买成本中的占比增加而减少,随中央政府的奖励增加而增加。

结论5的经济含义是:①地方政府可以通过对当地居民的收买,小幅度的对环境规制水平进行调整,从而在企业增加的产量中获得收益,从合谋的角度看,实际上是将当地居民引入到地方政府和企业的合谋中,使其成为其中的一员,分享部分合谋的收益;②地方政府在发生环境污染事故后对当地居民的收买成本m′满足m′=p2(rs-ri)/[(1-p2)(2v-1)]时,地方政府就会放弃对当地居民的收买,当地居民作为第三方规制将发挥其职能,导致中央政府的介入,对地方政府和企业处以总fa的罚金;③地方政府通过对相关政策的变动影响v和rs,进而对环境污染事故发生后的收买成本m′进行调整。

与结论1相比,当地居民作为第三方规制被引入地方环境规制后,中央政府、地方政府和企业三方关于环境规制的博弈就转化为地方政府、企业和当地居民三方的关于是否收买的博弈。这个博弈的关键就是地方政府要确定在环境污染事故发生后对当地居民的收买成本m′,与之相比,中央政府更难察觉到地方政府在未发生环境污染事故时对当地居民的收买成本m。

总之,将当地居民作为第三方规制引入能够缓解地方政府放松环境规制的冲动。首先,当地居民作为第三方规制引入时,地方政府不仅要与企业进行谈判,还要花费一定的精力和成本与当地居民协商和收买,减少了地方政府的额外收益,制约了地方政府改变环境规制行为的选择;当地居民将利用中央政府赋予的监督地方政府环境规制和企业环境保护的权力,获取最大化的自身收益。其次,能够改善环境规制中的中央政府、地方政府和企业之间的信息不对称状况,有利于中央政府对地方政府和企业的环境信息真实性的掌控,为逐渐提高和稳定地方环境规制的水平,提供了一条有效的改革思路。

4 结 论

综上所述,本文运用契约设计理论,通过建立中央政府、地方政府和企业三方的双重委托代理模型,对中国地方政府环境规制的“发生环境污染事故——地方政府选择高水平环境规制——环境污染事故影响减弱——地方政府降低环境规制水平——环境污染事故影响消失——地方政府选择低水平环境规制——发生下一次环境污染事故”周期性波动以及波动机理进行了描述。分析表明,这一地方环境规制波动机理诠释了中国环境污染事故频发,但解决起来又异常困难的原因。认为破解现阶段中国地方环境规制的周期性波动需要引入第三方规制。将当地居民对环境保护的监督权法律化和制度化,变中央政府、地方政府和企业的三方博弈为地方政府、企业和当地居民的三方博弈,能够缓解博弈各方的信息不对称程度,抑制地方政府放松环境规制的冲动,减轻由地方政府降低环境规制水平所造成的恶性累积效应,这一制度改进虽然无法从根本上消除地方环境规制波动,但在现有的中国环境规制体系下,不失为一种解决地方环境规制波动的有效方式。

针对中国地方环境规制的行为特征,提出以下稳定中国地方政府环境规制水平的政策建议:

(1)解除地方环境规制部门与地方政府的隶属关系,保证地方环境规制部门的独立性。中国环境规制的主要问题集中在实施过程中,特别是环境规制部门归属于地方政府领导所造成的寻租和低效率问题。地方环保部门虽然隶属于上级环保部门和地方政府的双重领导,但基本上以地方政府的目标为主,不具备行使“独立性”环保职责的条件,特别是其绩效考核受到地方政府的利益相关方干扰,地方政府掌控着环境治理的局面。现行的地方政府环境规制部门往往以地方政府经济效益最大化为目标,成为引发地方政府降低环境规制水平和企业爆发重大污染环境事件的重要原因。完善地方环境规制制度的当务之急是改变地方环境规制部门对地方政府的行政依赖性,尝试将环境规制相关负责机构从地方政府中剥离出来,成立由国务院主管资源环境和生态文明的副总理负责、由环保部统一管理的、与地方政府机构分离的环境规制体制。

(2)推进产权制度改革,促使企业成为独立的行为主体,减少政府的行政干预,便于环境规制机构对企业的环境保护和污染治理行为进行考核。现代企业制度改革的核心是产权界定和产权明晰,由于中国行政体系和经济体制的影响,中国企业的产权尤其资源和环境产权缺位和模糊,这种产权状态严重影响了企业决策的独立性,使得地方政府环境规制机构对企业的环境责任的追究存在难点。只有加快推动中国企业的环境产权制度改革,加快生态环境资源的产权制度改革,增强企业的决策独立性,才能降低企业与地方政府合谋的倾向性,提高企业履行节约资源、保护环境以及环境治理责任的刚性。

(3)建立包含当地居民和社会团体的第三方环境规制监管体制。通过法律法规的完善,逐步提高当地居民组成的地方环境保护公益团体(即第三方监管组织)参与环境规制的决策地位。中央政府将居民在环境规制中的责任和权力纳入国家基本法如《宪法》之中,使当地居民享有清洁环境和对地方环境规制监督建议及部分决策的权力得以制度化,借鉴发达国家环境规制的成功经验,在我国建立由环境规制的所有利益方即中央政府、地方政府、企业和由当地居民组成的地方环境保护管理协会,共同负责本地区环境保护和污染治理的管理,确保当地居民在管理协会中占有重要席位,并逐渐提高当地居民和社会团体对地方环境规制的参与程度。

(编辑:王爱萍)

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Analysis on the Local Government Environmental Regulation and Its Fluctuation Mechanism:

Based on the Perspective of Optimal Contract Design

LI Guoping ZHANG Wenbin

(School of Finance and Economics,Xian Jiaotong University,Xian Shaanxi 710061,China)

Abstract This paper analyzes the fluctuation mechanism of local government environmental regulation from the perspective of optimal contract design, and analyzes the influence of introducing local residents as the third party.First of all, we build the optimal environmental regulation contract which aims at the biggest to the local government efficiency and meets the enterprise incentive constraints by using the principalagent model, and the analysis shows that when the local government keeps a high level of environmental regulation,the local governments and the enterprises are in the same position, according to the distribution of income to determine the responsibility of the respective proportion, and it is consistent with the ratio of awards obtained from the central government, and there is not any economic incentive to production activities or environmental protection activities between the local government and the enterprise.Secondly, we analyze the cycle fluctuation and its mechanism of environmental regulation in the three typical periods in terms of central government intervention after the serious environmental pollution accident, pollution accident being weakened and completely disappeared, and conclude that when the central government

conducts strong involvement

after the serious environmental pollution accident, the local government has to choose a high level of environmental regulation, then the enterprise production effort level and production are low, but the possibility of the occurrence of the serious environmental pollution accident is minimum, when the influence of the serious environmental pollution accident is weakening, the local government will choose the relatively low environmental regulation level even unable to get extra income, and the enterprise production increased, the probability of the occurrence of environmental pollution accidents also increases to a certain extent, when the impact of the serious environmental pollution accident completely disappears, the local government will choose the low level of environmental regulation to get extra income and to complete the economic assessment indicators of the central government, but the probability of the occurrence of the serious environmental pollution accident has increased; in the event of a new serious environmental pollution accident, the local government environmental regulation enters into the next round of cycle.Again, introducing local residents as the third party to collusion model between local government and enterprises, we obtain the optimal environmental regulation contract including third party supervision. The result shows that

the key to the new contract is that the local government determines the cost to bribing the local residents after the occurrence of the serious environmental pollution accident, and introducing local residents can alleviate fluctuation of the local government environmental regulation.Finally, the paper proposes policy suggestions to reduce the local government environmental regulation fluctuation and realizing the optimal environmental regulation contract from three aspects such as ending the subordinate relations between local environmental regulation department and local administrative department to keep the environmental regulation departments independent, promoting the reform of property rights system to keep the enterprise independent and setting up the third party supervision organization which includes the local residents and social groups.

Key words environmental regulation; fluctuation mechanism; contract design; optimal contract

conducts strong involvement

after the serious environmental pollution accident, the local government has to choose a high level of environmental regulation, then the enterprise production effort level and production are low, but the possibility of the occurrence of the serious environmental pollution accident is minimum, when the influence of the serious environmental pollution accident is weakening, the local government will choose the relatively low environmental regulation level even unable to get extra income, and the enterprise production increased, the probability of the occurrence of environmental pollution accidents also increases to a certain extent, when the impact of the serious environmental pollution accident completely disappears, the local government will choose the low level of environmental regulation to get extra income and to complete the economic assessment indicators of the central government, but the probability of the occurrence of the serious environmental pollution accident has increased; in the event of a new serious environmental pollution accident, the local government environmental regulation enters into the next round of cycle.Again, introducing local residents as the third party to collusion model between local government and enterprises, we obtain the optimal environmental regulation contract including third party supervision. The result shows that

the key to the new contract is that the local government determines the cost to bribing the local residents after the occurrence of the serious environmental pollution accident, and introducing local residents can alleviate fluctuation of the local government environmental regulation.Finally, the paper proposes policy suggestions to reduce the local government environmental regulation fluctuation and realizing the optimal environmental regulation contract from three aspects such as ending the subordinate relations between local environmental regulation department and local administrative department to keep the environmental regulation departments independent, promoting the reform of property rights system to keep the enterprise independent and setting up the third party supervision organization which includes the local residents and social groups.

Key words environmental regulation; fluctuation mechanism; contract design; optimal contract

conducts strong involvement

after the serious environmental pollution accident, the local government has to choose a high level of environmental regulation, then the enterprise production effort level and production are low, but the possibility of the occurrence of the serious environmental pollution accident is minimum, when the influence of the serious environmental pollution accident is weakening, the local government will choose the relatively low environmental regulation level even unable to get extra income, and the enterprise production increased, the probability of the occurrence of environmental pollution accidents also increases to a certain extent, when the impact of the serious environmental pollution accident completely disappears, the local government will choose the low level of environmental regulation to get extra income and to complete the economic assessment indicators of the central government, but the probability of the occurrence of the serious environmental pollution accident has increased; in the event of a new serious environmental pollution accident, the local government environmental regulation enters into the next round of cycle.Again, introducing local residents as the third party to collusion model between local government and enterprises, we obtain the optimal environmental regulation contract including third party supervision. The result shows that

the key to the new contract is that the local government determines the cost to bribing the local residents after the occurrence of the serious environmental pollution accident, and introducing local residents can alleviate fluctuation of the local government environmental regulation.Finally, the paper proposes policy suggestions to reduce the local government environmental regulation fluctuation and realizing the optimal environmental regulation contract from three aspects such as ending the subordinate relations between local environmental regulation department and local administrative department to keep the environmental regulation departments independent, promoting the reform of property rights system to keep the enterprise independent and setting up the third party supervision organization which includes the local residents and social groups.

Key words environmental regulation; fluctuation mechanism; contract design; optimal contract

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