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化虚为实,化难为易

2014-05-09贾从永

新东方英语 2014年5期
关键词:举例谚语名言

贾从永

2013年12月大学英语六级考试出现了三道作文题目,均沿用了自2013年6月开始的引言型作文命题方式,即要求考生根据一句名言或谚语写一篇议论文。此类作文的思辨性强,写法迥异于以往的分析现象型作文。由于名言或谚语都比较抽象,所以考生不宜再用抽象说理的方法来论证。俗话说“事实胜于雄辩”,论证一个抽象的道理,最有力、最容易下笔的方式就是举例论证。本文笔者就以2013年12月六级考试的三道作文真题为例,向考生重点推荐三种举例论证的方法,以达到化虚为实、化难为易的效果。

真题回顾

名言或谚语一般言简意赅、含蓄隽永,这让一些考生理解起来颇费脑筋。要写好引言型作文,第一步就要正确领会题目中名言或谚语的含义。为此,考生既要斟酌名言,又要细读写作指令,切勿匆匆下笔,造成“下笔千言,离题万里”的后果。下面先来回顾2013年12月六级考试的三道写作真题。

Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write an essay commenting on the remark “The greatest use of life is to spend it for something that will outlast it.” You can give examples to illustrate your point and then explain what youll do to make your life more meaningful. You should write at least 150 words but no more than 200 words.

审题:本题的这句名言理解起来不太容易,字面意思如下:度过人生的最伟大的方式是将之花在比人生更持久的事情当中。意思就是说,要把人生过得有意义,就要投身于人类的崇高事业,因为只有超越了个人利益的崇高事业才是永恒的。

Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write an essay on happiness by referring to the saying “Happiness is not the absence of problems, but the ability to deal with them.” You can cite examples to illustrate your point and then explain how you can develop your ability to deal with problems and be happy. You should write at least 150 words but no more than 200 words.

审题:本题中名言的字面意思是“幸福不是不存在问题,而是具备应对问题的能力”。结合写作指令中的另一句话explain how you can develop your ability to deal with problems and be happy,考生不难看出这句名言要表达的意思:我们应该积极地应对生活中的各种问题,这样才能获得幸福。

Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write an essay about the impact of the information explosion by referring to the saying “A wealth of information creates a poverty of attention.” You can give examples to illustrate your point and then explain what you can do to avoid being distracted by irrelevant information. You should write at least 150 words but no more than 200 words.

审题:本题的这句名言出自美国著名经济学家、心理学家和社会学家Herbert Simon。这句名言成了许多考生的噩梦,因为其中的关键词wealth和poverty用的都不是本义,而是其引申义。此处wealth的意思是“丰富,大量”,而poverty的意思是“缺乏,匮乏”。这句名言的字面意思是“大量的信息造成注意力的匮乏”。此言何意呢?随着信息技术的发展,各种通信工具使信息无孔不入、无处不在,甚至泛滥成灾,人们的注意力被过量的信息所分散。人们再也不能像过去那样静静地品茶、思考、阅读、写作,甚至连不受打扰地开会、上课都成了奢望。这句名言说的正是现代人所面临的这种窘况。

举例论证技巧的应用

引言型作文在写作时仍以三段布局为宜(关于谋篇布局的方法请参考本刊2013年10月号《从2013年6月六级写作真题谈引言型作文写作攻略》一文)。通常在文章第二段,考生要论证题目中名言或谚语的正确性。由于名言或谚语都比较抽象,考生最好举出具体的例子来论证,写作指令中也明确地建议考生give examples to illustrate your point。列举生动的事例可以化抽象为具体,化难为易。下面笔者就以上述三道六级写作真题为例,具体讲解如何运用举例论证的方法。考生可以在平时积累相关素材,在考试中灵活使用。

列举伟人事迹

伟人之所以伟大,是因为他们曾经做出一些不凡的业绩,这些业绩往往为世人所称颂。因此,引用他们的事迹可以有效增强论点的说服力。就本次六级写作的题目一来说,考生要论述的观点是“人生要过得有意义,就要投身于人类的崇高事业”。为此,考生可以举出两位诺贝尔和平奖获得者特蕾莎修女和曼德拉的例子。请看下面的范文。

The best example I can think of is Mother Teresa. She devoted her whole life to helping the poorest of the poor and saving the sickest of the sick in India. An angel helping the underprivileged, she will live in the heart of millions forever. Another example is Nelson Mandela, the father of South Africa, who dedicated 67 years of his life to fighting racist policies. Though the freedom fighter has passed away, his legacy—democracy, equality and reconciliation—will live on.

列举重大事件

当今社会的一些重大事件为世人所熟悉和瞩目,考生可以引用这些事件来证明文章的主题。比如本次六级写作的题目二,考生要论证的主题为“只有积极应对各种问题,才能获得幸福”。为此,考生不妨以环境污染为例来阐述。环境污染威胁到人类的生存,只有意识到这一问题的严重性并采取有效措施,我们才能重新享受干净的水、蓝蓝的天和健康的食品。此外,考生还可以拿曾在中国引起恐慌的问题奶粉事件做例子。由于政府采取了严厉的措施,我们欣喜地看到这一问题现在已基本绝迹。需要注意的是,举例子是为了说明主题,要适时地夹叙夹议。请看下面的范文。

Happiness does not lie in idleness. Rather, it lies in the joy of achievement and the thrill of creative effort. Lets take environmental pollution for example. Pollution poses a great threat to human existence. Fortunately, this problem has drawn our attention and many effective steps are being taken to solve it. Only then will we be able to enjoy clean water, blue sky and healthy food again. Another example is unsafe milk powder, which caused a panic in 2008. But we are glad that the problem has been rooted out now, thanks to the drastic measures taken by the government.

列举凡人小事

日常生活中的凡人小事虽不惊天动地,却能让读者感同身受,所以举出凡人小事来论证一个道理会让读者备感熟悉,也容易接受。比如本次六级写作的题目三,考生要论述的观点是“随着信息技术的发展,人们越来越容易为过量的信息分心”。为此,考生可以举出生活中的具体事例来证实这一点:老师经常看到学生在课堂上对着手机短信发笑;开会的时候不时有人将手机捂在耳朵上出去接听电话等。这种列举生活中具体事例的论证方法比抽象说理更加生动形象,而且更容易下笔。请看下面的范文。

With email, iPad and mobile phone continuously bombarding us with information, it is increasingly difficult for us not to be distracted. It is a rare teacher who hasnt seen a student chuckling over a text message in class. Similarly, hardly a meeting goes on for half an hour without someone hurriedly tiptoeing out, holding a cellular phone to his or her ear. With the buzzing device close at hand, we find ourselves no longer able to concentrate on our work or even have a good rest.

可以预测,在今后一段时间里,引言型作文仍是六级作文的主要命题形式。对此,考生要有清醒的认识和应对之策。考生只要掌握一些化虚为实、化难为易的论证技巧,并在平时的阅读中勤于积累,写出高分的六级作文并非遥不可及。

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