建筑设计：素里雅·温攀西里拉特

围墙里的精舍，春武里府，泰国

建筑设计：素里雅·温攀西里拉特

1 建筑外景/External view

“围墙里的精舍”位于春武里府的考布达戈东佛寺中，它是一座供小沙弥们居住的两层寮房。建筑的设计手法纯熟，对建筑基本形体的控制以及对建筑材料创新性的再利用都表现出设计师的独到之处。一道清水灰墙醒目地伫立于基址之上，显得简洁质朴。这道高墙将道路的尘嚣隔离在僧寮之外，并围合出一个沙弥们日常活动的露天庭院，在创造私密生活空间的同时也成为这座寺院的一处地标。围墙上留有开口，从洞口远眺可以看到山下海面粼粼的波光。

两个6000L的大水箱被放置在围墙内顺山路转弯而形成的弯角内，建筑师将这个棘手的、陡峭的急弯地带处理成储存场地，合理地解决了一个极为复杂的空间关系。水箱也可从屋顶收集雨水。由于这个位置是场地的至高点，地势高差较大，无需安装水泵就可以满足僧侣们日常用水的需求。生活污水顺势流下山坡，还可以浇灌路边沿墙基种植的藤蔓植物。这些茂盛的绿色植物会逐渐生长并爬满整座墙面，进一步地帮助僧寮屏蔽噪音和灰尘，并且弱化墙体本身的厚重感。斜坡、高墙、雨水——这一切都被聚集在一个循环体系之中。

早先建造在这个位置的僧寮只有两间卧室、一间浴室和一个小型木制平台，面向寺庙中最热闹的十字路口开敞。新的设计要求提供6间卧室、水箱、浴室和一个供沙弥们修行活动的场地，但是，最重要的是，要注意塑造场所的宁静和私密性。场地的小三角形地块紧贴着山路的急转弯内侧，上下高差有5m。

在围墙内部，用混凝土浇筑成一个坚固的阶梯状基座，采用混凝土、钢以及从旧建筑回收利用的木墙建造的两层僧寮就坐落其上。建筑高抬于垒壁似的围墙之上，露出一抹朱红色，在结构需要支撑的地方设置了横梁，架设在混凝土墙上。4间卧室和一间浴室在楼上，两间卧室和一间浴室在底层，每一层因其与围墙的特定关系而具有不同的特点，两个风格迥异的私密院落占据了围墙与建筑墙体间的夹缝空间——一个静静地待在底层，置于相对较封闭的混凝土“洞穴”之中；另一个庭院则比较明亮开敞，有木架和锡铁片搭建的屋顶为其提供遮蔽。

僧侣们的生活作息规律，诵经作业、行禅礼佛，24小时周而复始。建筑的这种构造为他们的日常作息安排提供了便利舒适的环境。比如说，从早上4点到中午，僧人起床之后，在诵经、参禅、用斋的过程中，一道东侧的围墙就可以为他们提供整个上午的荫蔽环境。□ （覃莺 译）

Situated in Wat khaobuddhakodom, Chonburi Province, Walled Monk's Cell is a two-storey monks' dwelling that exhibits skillful planning, manipulation of basic forms, and creative reuse of materials. A grey rendered wall rises prominently from the site and represents the relative simplicity of the design. The large wall shields the monks' quarters from the clamor of the road, creates privacy, and serves as a landmark for the temple. This wall opens to the downhill view towards the ocean and encloses an outdoor courtyard for the monks' daily activities.

Two large 6000 liter water tanks are placed inside the tight bend where the wall makes a hairpin turn. The architect negotiated with the tricky and steeply inclined site for areas for storage and pockets of space. The tanks gather rainwater from the roof at the top of the site. In this way no pumps are required to supply the monks' daily water use for common activities. The grey water from the facility flows downhill to feed creepers planted along the base of the wall by the road. This lush green wrapping of plants will gradually grow up and fully envelope the wall, further shielding the monks' cells from noise and dust, and softening the visual weight of the wall. The slope, the wall, and the raineverything is brought together in a cycle.

Earlier monks' cells at this location had only two bedrooms, a bathroom and a small deck opening onto the busiest intersection at Wat Khao. The new design calls for six bedrooms, water tanks, bathrooms, a place for monks’ activities and, above all, peace and privacy.

Inside the walls, a two-storey pavilion of concrete, steel and reused timber sits on a solid stepped plinth. It is these walls that rise up with a flash of red. There are four bedrooms and a bathroom on the upper floor and two bedrooms and a bathroom on the ground. Each level is characterized by a specific relationship to the perimeter wall and two very different private courtyards occupy the interstitial space-one hunkering down at street level within the relative mass of the concrete 'cave', the other with a lighter feel, sheltering beneath its timber and tin roof.

The structure supports the monks' daily routine, creating an atmosphere conducive to their practice of noble conduct. The circular form allows for continuous walking meditation and symbolizes the 24-hour cycle of the practice schedule. From 4 am until noon, after waking up, chanting, meditation, and daily meals, a single wall to the East shields the monks from the morning sun.□

2.3 平面/Plans

4 剖面/Section

5 围绕精舍的小路/Road around the monk's cell

6. 7 精舍外墙/The wall of the monk's cell

项目信息/Credits and Data

客户/Client: 考布达戈东佛寺/Wat Khao Buddhakodom

场地面积/Site Area: 160m2

建筑面积/Floor Area: 130m2

设计时间/Design Period: 2009

摄影/Photos: Sakrapee Nopparat(Fig.1,6), Pirak Anurakyawachon(Fig.5,7-9)

评论

韩林飞：围墙里的精舍很好地展现了宗教建筑的崇高与静谧。在与场地关系的处理上，这座规模不大的建筑以基本的几何梯形的形式，充分地嵌入到场地当中。从建筑主入口到室内空间，利用地形高差，设计渐渐高起的步行平台。僧侣们步入其中的过程，宁静便会在此降临，精神得到洗礼，感召之中增添了亲切和神圣。建筑师通过高度复杂的空间关系设计与外界隔离，为僧侣们提供一个私密而圣洁的环境，远离世俗的喧嚣与纷扰。灰色的砖石墙面显示出强烈的纪念性。简洁的设计褪尽浮华，直露本真。基本的形式和质朴的材料创造出纯粹的空间，进而唤起人们的一种“庄严感”。

郝琳：仪式的场域和张力

法国著名的人类学家李维史陀引导我们去理解，在任何的文化中，神圣与世俗是统一体的不同方面 。传统的宗教活动、心灵的沉思静修和街头巷尾的喧嚣，组成了文化中不可分割的日常生活仪式。这样的生活两面性，在泰国的街头巷尾，呈现得尤其紧密与曼妙。春武里佛寺，在一处平常不过的尽头拐角，将僧侣宿舍这样的日常功用， 呈现出了仪式的场域和张力。墙里秋千墙外道，是关于这处建筑物理、视觉、心理乃至精神的隔与合的最佳描述。如何做到的呢？我看主要是三种手法。首先，建筑的实际体量从围墙上端浮出，轻盈，无意与世俗同层，我们必须仰望；且充分利用三角端地的错动，制造出路人看不到的墙内庭院的虚空间感和壶中境天。虽说墙是僵硬的物料，但它挑动欲望，并且缓缓地按摩墙内外圣俗的心灵。其次，朴素但具有渗透性的外墙，沿着下坡的街道，甩出的长长尾巴，也重新界定了街道高处摆放佛龛端头的重要性，以及所有人于街道上行的仪式。最后，乃至建造廉价的局限，也通过清晰的建构和回收的考量（木材、雨水），转化成了僧侣对物质、欲望的态度和节制与修行的一部分。

8 回收自老建筑的旧木墙/Old wooden walls recycled from old building

9 建筑内廊及采光/Corridor and lighting

Comments

HAN Linfei: The Walled Monk's Cell perfectly reflects the sanctity and purity of religious buildings. The modest trapezoidal building is simply embedded in the site. Making use of an existing change in elevation, a series of circulation platforms are designed to connect the main entrance to the interior spaces. Moving along the platforms, monks whose spirits will be baptized, are bathed in feelings of tranquility, sincerity and kindness. The architects wanted to design a private holy environment for the monks, one that would take them far away from the speed and chaos of the city. The project allows for a series of complex spatial relationships. While the use of gray brick walls usually calls out monumentality, this simple design talks only of purity and simplicity. The basic forms and materials of the building work together to create pure space and evoke solemn sensuous feelings.

HAO Lin: A Place-making of Rituality and Intensity

The great French anthropologist Claude Lévi-Strauss led us to understand that, in any culture, the sacred and profane are part of a continuum. Traditional religious activities, spiritual meditation, as well as bustling streets are all part of the cultural ritual of everyday life. This notion can be seen weaving seamlessly and elegantly through the lanes and alleys of Thailand. The Chonburi Temple, anchored at an ordinary street corner, transforms the simple function of monk's cell into place of ritual and intensity. A Chinese poetic line, "a life of being inside contrasting with a life of passing by" best describes such a transformation physically, visually, psychologically and spiritually. How does this building achieve this? There are three ways such a poetic perception is achieved. First, the massing of the building is floats. It is lifted away from the secular level of street and makes us look up. The massing takes full advantage of the formal intensity of the triangular corner to create a less visible mysterious void behind the wall. This wall, of a rigid material, straddles two realms, gently massaging and provoking the souls of the sacred and the profane. Secondly, the austere but permeable wall extends down to the street, redefining the importance of the altar at its higher end but also addressing the dayto-day ritual of walking along the street. Even with a limited budget, the tectonic articulation and recycling strategies (timber and rainwater) of this project have been spiritually transformed by the monk's practice of temperance and their religious beliefs about materialism and desire.

Walled Monk’s Cell, Chonburi Province, Thailand, 2010

Architects: Suriya Umpansiriratana