黄海生

【摘要】优秀的教案要能体现新课程的理念,让学生了解,熟悉、感知和领悟所学的内容。教师在教案的设计时应把学生放在主体的位置上,引导学生对事物进行思索、探究,培养学生分析问题、解决问题的能力。本文主要依据所给的阅读材料从教学目标的设定、阅读课的导入、阅读课教学过程的设计和阅读课的练习设计的四个方面来探讨如何设计有效的教案。

【关键词】教学目标;课堂导入;活动设计;练习设计

How to design effectual teaching plans according to reading materials

Huang Hai-sheng

【Abstract】Excellent teaching plans can reflect the curriculum ideas and enable students to understand, be familiar with, know well and realize the content learned. When designing teaching plans, teachers should think of the students first, guiding the students to think and explore and cultivating the students ability of analyzing and solving problems. This article tries to investigate how to design an effectual teaching plans according to materials given from four aspects. They are: the setting of teaching goals; lead-in of reading lessons; the designing of the procedure of reading lessons and the designing of the exercises of reading lessons.

【Key words】teaching goal;leading-in of a classroom;designing of activities;designing of exercises

如何根据阅读材料设计教案,是衡量一位教师把握教材的能力以及课堂设计的能力。在教案设计的过程中,首先要注意所设计教案是否能体现学生的语言实践以及学生语言技能的培养、学习策略和文化意识等综合素质的提高。因此一份优秀的教案要能体现出这些新课程的理念,使学生通过该课的学习了解,熟悉、感知和领悟所学的内容。因此教师在教案的设计过程中应把学生放在主体的位置上,引导学生对事物进行思索、探究,从不同的侧面对某一事物进行评价,从而培养学生分析问题、解决问题的能力。本文主要依据所给的阅读材料来探讨如何设计有效的教案。

Was ‘No Cars Day worthwhile?

A total of 108 cities around the country participated in the “No Cars Day” last Saturday. The first such campaign in the country, “No Cars Day” aimed to dissuade people from driving cars and to promote public transportation in big cities.

According to statistics released by the Ministry of Construction, public transportation accounts for less than 10 percent of total traffic in China. The figure goes as high as 70 to 80 percent in other major international cities like London, Paris and Tokyo. China is working hard to reduce pollution nationwide and improve traffic in major cities. Encouraging more people to travel by bicycle or public transport is a vital part of this effort.

Millions of people chose public transportation on “No Cars Day”. But many say the high-profile campaign, which cost millions of dollars, had little practical impact on pollution or traffic—its only one day after all. Supporters, however, argue that the importance of the event lies in its message.

Do you think the “No Cars Day” campaign was worth the effort?

YES

Every day counts. One day with fewer cars on the street is better than nothing, because it calls people to action.

1. In concept and practice, the “No Cars Day” was new to millions of Chinese city-dwellers. Many had never even heard of such days before. The campaign was successful if it alerted people to the serious problems of pollution and traffic congestion.

2. At the very least, it was a good start. If people were convinced they were contributing to a worthy cause, they will gradually change their behavior, and that was the goal of the campaign.

3. The government and the citizens should do everything possible to control cars. “No Cars Day” was one good idea that will lead to many others. Together they will make a big difference.

NO

A one-day government campaign can hardly generate enough long-term influence to change peoples behavior.

1. Individuals should realize that they need to take action. But a government-led campaign will be forgotten. Grass-roots action, such as daily car-pooling, would be much more effective.

2. The cost of the campaign is probably greater than its economic and environmental gains. We should resort to more practical and effective methods to cut back on auto use, like building more subways and putting more buses on the road. Or maybe even charge a “congestion tax” for cars.

3. “No Cars Day” was a voluntary campaign with no binding power. People took part for one day and keep on driving their cars the other 364 days of the year. Governments should issue mandatory rules to reduce car use.

一、关于阅读课教学目标的设定

教师可根据该阅读材料的内容制定具体的教学目标。因为学生掌物知识、技能的过程一般说来要经过四个阶段:感知教材——理解教材——巩固知识——运用知识,是一个由浅入深、有简单到复杂,逐步深化、循序渐进的过程。因此教师在制定教学目标时应针对学生的实际靠船下篙,以防止过于笼统、宽泛。因为学生不可能通过某一篇文章的阅读或学习来培养其太多方面的能力。阅读课的教学只能对某些方面有一定的促进作用。根据该阅读文章,我们认为以下的教学目标比较切实可行,如:

1. To know about ‘No Cars Day and to express their own opinion on it.

2. Get to know some advantages and disadvantages of the campaign.

3. Appreciate and practice some new words and fine sentence structures.

通过上述三点教学目标的设定,既能使学生通过阅读明确无车日的意义,并就此文章能发表自己的见解。并在此基础上运用所学的词汇和结构进行听、说、读、写的技能运用。这样设定的教学目标不仅紧扣文章的主题,而且要求学生根据其内容明确展开该运动的利与弊,使其教学目标更为具体化。

二、关于阅读课的导入

教学中,导入往往起着酝酿情绪、集中注意力、渗透主题和带入情境的作用。精心设计的导入能把学生的注意力迅速集中并指向特定的教学程序,为完成新的学习任务做好心理上的准备:又能使学生思维活跃,有助于学生取得良好的学习效率。该文主要论述了是否应当设立世界“无车日”的情况。教师可利用多媒体手段将该材料处理得有章有节,通过图片展示汽车污染的情景作为该课的导入,让学生了解汽车对环境带来的危害。通过不同图片的对比,深刻理解“无车日”的意义。通过这些图片的展示,提高了学生阅读文章的建模意识,帮助学生从总体上抓住文章思路发展的来龙去脉,使学生对这一主题有明确的认识。另外教师在呈现图片的同时,可通过一系列判断正误的内容来检查学生对阅读文章的理解,如:

Read the passage careful and decide whether the following statements are true or false.

(1) It was the first time for China to hold the ‘No Cars Day campaign.

(2) Public transportation counts for 6—7 times larger in some major international cities than

in China.

(3) The government the individuals should work together to solve the problems of pollution

and traffic congestion.

(4) A one-day government campaign can almost generate enough long-term influence to

change peoples behavior.

(5) “No cars day” was aimed to promote private cars.

(6) Public transportation accounts for more than10 percent of total traffic in China.

(7)The aim of Chinas limiting cars is to improve traffic in major cities.

(8) Bicycle and public transport are encouraged by the Chinese government.

通过上述图片的导入和判断正误内容的呈现使学生对该文章的主题有了深刻的认识,此阶段也是学生感知知识、理解知识阶段,随着教学过程的不断深化,使学生带着目的和愿望去读,充满信心去读,从而激发了他们的好奇心和求知欲。

三、关于阅读课教学过程的设计

如何根据材料设计教学过程是衡量教师能否在教学中通过所给的材料培养学生摄取信息、处理信息的能力。能否训练学生有效地获取书面信息,并对此进行分析、推理和评价,以实现交际的目的。

根据该文的内容,教师可以首先给出一段与该文相似的听力材料,让学生通过听的过程既熟悉其背景内容又能通过短文内容填上合适的词汇,该过程能有效地训练学生的听力,又检查了学生的词汇的拼写能力。例如:

听材料,填写空格中所缺的单词。

As many as 108 cities in China participated in the ‘No Cars Day last Saturday. It aimed to dissuade people from driving cars and to promote public transportation in big cities. It is said that public transportation accounts for much less in total traffic in China than in other major international cities. Therefore, we are working hard to reduce pollution and improve traffic in major cities by encouraging more people to travel by bicycle or public transport.

Most people chose public transportation on ‘No Cars Day. They say every day counts, because it alerted people to the serious problems of pollution and traffic congestion. So they are hopefully to change their behavior.

However, some people think a one-day government campaign can rarely influence peoples behavior in the long term.

在此基础上,教师要求学生根据该阅读材料回答一些问题。该教师把与文章有关的内容问题分为两部分,一部分为概括性的问题,一部分为启发性的问题,让学生通过系列问题的回答,既明确无车日的意义,又能促使学生不断地去思考,体现了粗读——略读——研读——拓展——延伸的层次过程。如:

1. Read the passage as quickly as possible and answer the following questions.

(1) What is the aim of the ‘No Cars Day?

To dissuade people from driving cars and to promote public transportation in big cities.

(2) What is China working hard to do?

To reduce pollution nationwide and improve traffic in major cities.

(3) Do you think a one-day government campaign can change peoples behavior?

Maybe, if people work together, we will make a difference.

在学生回答了这些表层结构的问题后,教师应要求学生再认真地阅读该文章,然后回答一些带有启发性的问题,要求学生尽可能用自己的语言来表达。如:

2. Read the passage carefully and answer the following questions.

(1) Why do many people think the campaign had little practical impact on pollution or traffic?

Because it cost millions of dollars and its only one day after all.

(2) What do the supporters argue about?

They argue that the importance of the event lies in the message.

(3) According to supporters how the campaign could be successful?

If it alerted people to the serious problems of pollution and traffic congestion.

(4) According to the opponents why the campaign can hardly generate enough long-term influence to change peoples behavior?

Because individuals will forget the campaign and the cost of it is very great, besides, it was just a voluntary campaign with no binding power.

通过上述问题的回答,使学生不但深化了对文章的理解,同时对下一步的课堂讨论也作了良好的铺垫。学生在经过“整体理解——局部理解——整体理解”的过程后,对文章已经有了深刻的感性认识。此时教师可以组织全班学生针对其内容进行讨论,让学生对该主题阐述自己的看法或见解, 也可以根据此主题引出与其相似的话题让学生进行讨论。如:

Discussion:

1. What is your opinion on the ‘No Cars Day? Discuss it with your partners and try to list as

many reasons as possible and report your result to the whole class.

2. Ask all the students to have a discussion about the topic “No _______ (Smoking) Day”.

通过上述的一些教学步骤,使学生对该阅读材料有了一定的感性认识。从多方面的层次上对文章进行了梳理,使学生在理性认识上也得到了不少的提高。

四、关于阅读课的练习设计

在教师完成该阅读可的基础上教师应根据其内容设计一些与之相吻合的练习,供学生加以知识的巩固,使之“化知为能”。教师可采用任务型阅读的模式或书面表达的形式来达到此目的。如:

12. mandatory

要求学生在通过该文的学习,掌握某些词汇和表达,并在此基础上写出一篇短文,阐述自己对“无车日”的看法。如:

练习 (3)

每年9月22日为世界无车日,你校学生会对此进行了调查,请根据下面图表的内容用英语写一篇150词左右的短文,发表自己对“世界无车日”的看法。

通过上述两种练习,既培养了学生阅读的能力,又检查了学生语言运用的能力,将阅读和写作融为一体,使学生的知识能转化为能力。

以上为如何就所给的阅读材料设计教案的一些初步的构思。当然除了上述的一些步骤之外,教师在设计教案时,也可将该阅读材料按任务型教学的步骤来组织实施。将每个步骤分解为不同的任务形式。如:读前任务设计、读中任务设计、读后任务设计等。使学生通过完成一系列的任务来圆满地完成某一阅读材料的内容。通过指定阅读任务,帮助学生明确主题,了解文章的篇章结构,理解文章的内涵等,从而培养学生分析问题、解决问题和语言运用的能力。

收稿日期:2009-9-30